Below are 2 factors that influenced case management today  make a case explaining why the two are most important and highlight their individual importance. Conclude your discussion with what you predict will be the future of case management.

200 WC 

                                                                 Here are two factors to write about

* Access to Services/Advocacy

Equal access to services/advocacy means that everyone in need of assistance has the same opportu-nity to approach, apply for, and use case management services without regard to ethnicity, race, reli-gion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic class, or disability. Attention is also given to developing ways to extend access to services, such as fee waivers, transportation, and outreach efforts. Affordability is directly linked to the issues of eligibility and access. To ensure access to services, eligibility must be defined to include those who lack traditional economic, social, and political access. There must also be a plan for individuals who are on the margins of eligibility. Fredrico, a case manager at a metropolitan hospital we introduced previously, discusses a problem he encountered.We had a patient come to the emergency department with serious medical injuries. He was very aggressive and hostile to the hospital staff and me. The police brought him; he had been in a brawl in a downtown bar. He was transitioning from male to female. Also, an individual recently came to the emergency department because of a suicide attempt. He was also a cross-dresser going to become a female. He had advanced HIV infection. He could not compre-hend he was HIV-positive. I had to find him a place to live after dismissal from the hospital. Many shelters don’t want to admit people who are HIV-positive and his transition from male to female increased the difficulty of placing him in either an all-men or an all-women facility. I had difficulty finding him a place to stay.This case also illustrates the advocacy role case managers assume as part of their commitment to equal access. Advocacy is the act or process of representing the interests of the client and teaching the client to advocate for himself or herself. It may involve speaking or writing in defense of a person or cause.  In  representing  the  interests  of  clients,  case  managers  often  assume  a  dual  role,  representing  both the institution and the client. Advocacy is one way to assure equal access to needed services. It is discussed more fully in Chapter Twelve."

* Client empowerment

"Client empowerment within the case management process means respecting clients as individuals, building on their strengths and interests, learning about their cultural context, placing them in a part-nership  role,  and  moving  them  toward  self-sufficiency.  Respect  for  the  client  stems  from  the  long-standing belief that all individuals, regardless of their needs or disabilities, have integrity and worth. This belief guides the case manager in placing the client in a central role in the helping process. Ensur-ing  the  client’s  full  participation  during  the  service  delivery  process  means  involving  him  or  her  in  every  step,  including  identifying  the  problem,  gathering  information,  establishing  goals,  planning,  implementing the plan, and evaluating the plan and outcomes.Client empowerment within the process expands respect for the client to include teaching basic service coordination skills and, as time and skill development allow, encouraging the client to manage his or her own case. The goal is to develop self-sufficiency so that the client can manage his or her own life without depending on the human service delivery system. Again, culture, race, and ethnicity are key aspects of encouraging client self-sufficiency. Issues such as discrimination and oppression may hinder this goal and the case manager must serve as an advocate for the individual, the family, and the client’s local context."