The GFA Company, originally established 16 years ago to make football, is now a leading 
producer of tennis balls, baseballs, footballs, and golf balls. Nine years ago, the company 
introduced “High Flite,” its first line of high-performance golf balls. GFA management has 
sought opportunities in whatever businesses seem to have some potential for cash flow. Recently 
Mr. Dawadawa, vice president of the GFA Company, identified another segment of the sports 
ball market that looked promising and that he felt was not adequately served by larger 
manufacturers.
As a result, the GFA Company investigated the marketing potential of brightly coloured bowling 
balls. GFA sent a questionnaire to consumers in three markets: Accra, Kumasi, and Koforidua. 
The results of the three questionnaires were much better than expected and supported the 
conclusion that the brightly coloured bowling balls could achieve a 10 to 15 percent share of the 
market. Of course, some people at GFA complained about the cost of test marketing, which was 
GH¢ 250,000. Also, the feasibility test carried out by analysts to assess the viability of the 
project costs GH¢ 100,000. In any case, the GFA Company is now considering investing in a 
machine to produce bowling balls. The bowling balls would be manufactured in a building 
owned by the firm and located near Madina. This vacant building and the land can be sold for 
GH¢ 150,000 after taxes. 
Working with his staff, Dawadawa is preparing an analysis of the proposed new product. He 
summarizes his assumptions as follows: The cost of the bowling ball machine is GH¢100,000 
and it is expected to last five years. At the end of five years, the machine will be sold at a price 
estimated to be GH¢ 30,000. The machine is depreciated on straight-line basis. The company is
exempt from capital gains tax. Production by year during the five-year life of the machine is 
expected to be as follows: 5,000 units, 8,000 units, 12,000 units, 10,000 units, and 6,000 units. 
The price of bowling balls in the first year will be GH¢20. The bowling ball market is highly 
competitive, so Dawadawa believes that the price of bowling balls will increase at only 2 percent 
per year, as compared to the anticipated general inflation rate of 5 percent.
Conversely, the plastic used to produce bowling balls is rapidly becoming more expensive. 
Because of this, production cash outflows are expected to grow at 10 percent per year. First-year 
production costs will be GH¢10 per unit. Also, „Soft Flite‟ a substitute product, is expected to 
have a drop in its sales by 1000 units per annum. The selling price per unit of existing products is 
GH¢5 while the variable cost is GH¢ 4. This has no tax implications for the new product. 
Dawadawa has determined, based on GFA‟s taxable income, that the appropriate incremental 
corporate tax rate in the bowling ball project is 34 percent. 
Like any other manufacturing firm, GFA finds that it must maintain an investment in working 
capital. Management determines that initial investment (at Year 0) in net working capital of 
GH¢10,000 is required. Subsequently, net working capital at the end of each year will be equal 
to 10 percent of sales for that year. In the final year of the project, net working capital will 

decline to zero as the project is wound down. In other words, the investment in working capital is 
to be completely recovered by the end of the project‟s life. 
GFA will finance the total investment required for the production of the balls (including working 
capital investment) by issuing 100,000 new common stocks at GH¢ 2 per share from its existing 
shareholders. A total of GH¢ 200,000 is expected to be raised from the rights issue. It expects to 
finance the remaining from a bank loan from GDB at a rate of 12%. Mr. Dawadawa has 
estimated the beta of the project to be 2.5 and the average return for stocks traded on the Ghana 
Stock Exchange to be 10% while the rate on Government of Ghana traded Treasury bills is 5%. 
Required:
a. Evaluate the project using NPV and advise the Management of GFA whether or not it should 
introduce the bowling balls 
b. Discuss three (3) qualitative factors that the Management of GFA might have to consider 
before making a decision. 
c. What does the beta of the project represent and how will higher project betas affect your 
decision? 
d. Compare and contrast the beta of the project and explain how it will affect the return on 
investment of the project.