Criminological theory

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Please find attachment. Do not forget to rate 5 stars as you know healthy feedback and review is my real reward of hard working. Thank you very much!BEST OF Luck :)regards,Dr. Charles Kennedy1. Explain the concept of victim precipitation. What are your thoughts on this theory?
  
Victim precipitation is a theory in criminology that suggests victims may behave in a certain way that encourages the offender to commit a crime. According to the Victim Precipitation Theory of victimization, the victims of a crime passively or actively initiate the crime that leads to their injury or death. The victim of the crime may do this by exhibiting behaviors which make the perpetrator to commit the crime in question. Some of the unconscious behaviors which might initiate a crime include Job successes, promotions and love interests. Conscious behaviors such as activists who act against people in power, people with different sexual orientations which may be against those of majority in the society and people who explore alternate lifestyles which are against the standards of the society are in the danger of attracting crimes to themselves. I personally believe that researchers should continue to study victim precipitation even though it does not appear to be an accurate predictor of crime. The research reveals that sometimes victim precipitation can predict how risky behaviors lead to crimes, and other times there is no correlation (Petherick, 2017).   
2. Discussion possible motivations for mass murders.
  
Mass murder refers to the act of murdering a certain number of people simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time within very close geographical setting. It normally occurs in a single geographical area where one or more people kill several others. It can also be carried by governmental agents where they intentionally and indiscriminately killings a large number of people. There are various possible motivations for mass murders that include the need to get revenge, the need to secure power, need to have loyalty, need to have gain over certain issue and need to commit a terror attack. For instance, the individual who intends to seek revenge will carry out the killings to an individual or a group of people who have done wrong to him or her and in this case the goals of the killer are known. In mass murder individual who commits the murder of multiple individuals within one single event. Now these individuals are hard to profile since there is no specific profile to look at when looking for some mass murderers. In Turvey’s book we are given a typology of five specific types of mass killers and what motivates them. The first categories we have are power-orientated mass killers whose main motivation is power and control. These individuals are characterized by dressing in battle attire and having a passion for specific symbols of power such as assault weapons (Turvey, 2012).
  
3. What is the purpose of the "Violence against Women Act". Why do you think it was necessary?
  
The Violence against Women Act purpose is to establish “policies mandates for how states were to handle cases of domestic violence, sexual assault, and dating violence (including stalking). The Violence against Women Act is Necessary to Protect Women” that the act has improved women’s lives (Abrahamson, & Cantrell, 2012). The Violence against Women Act gave a directive for allocation of funds that would go to support the battered women’s shelters, domestic violence intervention as well as prevention programs, rape prevention education, and other necessary programs to improve law enforcement, prosecution, court and the response services to violence against women. The Violence against Women Act necessarily gives authority to the Violence against Women who 24 major programs give support to the domestic violence, sexual assault, legal support for the affected individuals and the hotlines. The act redirects the substantial new form of the resources to the local domestic form of the programs. VAWA also give funds to them to the society to come up with the coordinated responses. It also encourages the relationship between law enforcement, child welfare, the community services and other programs in the community (Martin, 2018).
  
4. How does your community take a stand against domestic violence?
  
We must take a stand against domestic violence and sex assault against women in the United States. There are many different types of violence against women, therefore those that are aware of this prevalent issue need raise public awareness and engage people to end domestic violence and sexual assault. Although, domestic violence is a widespread problem in our society, we can still engage in multiple ways for people to get involved and help be against this serious issue. There is a need for greater awareness of domestic violence in communities and society needs to come together to prevent domestic violence as a whole.
  
There are great organizations that have been trying to bring awareness to domestic violence for many years, yet people in communities still don’t know about them or the cause they are fighting against. DCCADV is a program that works with its member to increase awareness in my community about the needs of survivors of domestic violence and strategies for ending domestic violence. Through many different media outlets DCCADV keeps victims and community members informed with the dangers and warning signs of domestic violence. The program is one of the leading resources for domestic violence and there is a need for more organizations like DCCADV (Andrus, 2015).
  
5. Using the framework of rational choice theory, routine activity theory and social structure theory give three different explanations of rape.
  
Rape is an issue that has been prevalent in our society since the beginning of time and will most likely, and unfortunately, always will be. On average in the United States alone there are 321,500 victims of rape that's only twelve and older. I believe that the framework of Rational Choice theory is most relevant to rape and sexual assault because it can be defined as, “adopts a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice.” When a rapist is thinking about assaulting someone, they weigh their options, considered when and where they could do it, and make a decision to either commit the assault or abstain. Committing the assault, in a criminals mind, is considered a rational choice, under the correct circumstances (Hurd, 2013).
  
Another theory known as routine activity Theory is an environmental place-based theory that explains about opportunity about the criminal act of rape and focuses on the situations of rape. Cohen and Felson (1979) proposed that sexual assault or rape is the result of three main factors – the presence of a likely offenders, availability of suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians (Cohen, & Felson, 1979). When these conditions are converted into space and time then will this crime be likely to occur. If there is an absence of any of the three conditions, then there may be sufficient to discourage a rape from happening. Routine activities theory only offers a suggestion about the probability of criminal behavior occurring rather than making a definite claim about when crime will occur. The mere intent of committing a crime is not sufficient enough; the offender must be capable of carrying out their desires. Although routine activity theory does not explain why the offenders are motivated to carry out the crime, it instead assumes motivation is constant. Within sexual assault, the offenders are motivated on the fact that their victims would not remember because of the physical and mental state during the assault and/or they are too afraid to confront their assaulters.   
Social structure theory is another theory that constitutes social statuses which exist within it that are viewed as the main cause of criminal act of rape in the society. These include unusual subculture values, high level of illiteracy, poverty and deficiency in marketing skills. Currently, poverty is viewed as the least level in the social society since drug addiction and use, high unemployment rates are considered to be the highest level. Anyone no matter what their status in life has the potential to become criminals if they maintain destructive social relationships. Every aspect of the society social and economics must be viewed using the social structure theories to find the root of the criminal act of rape as well as its deviance (Hurd, 2013).
  
6. Why and how has workplace violence become such a significant problem in the United States in recent years?
  
According to the United States department of labor, Workplace violence is a frustrating problem facing Federal agencies today. Workplace violence is violent acts directed at someone at work or on duty. (Mathis and Jackson) In other terms it is any threatening behavior that happens in a work environment. Some examples include; throwing objects, or other overt physical acts, as well as any verbal or written threats to cause harm to anyone or anything.   
Keeping people well should always be the primary goal in the workplace. Many organizations think that harassment, violence, bullying and mobbing do not affect their workplace however, the research indicates otherwise. Keeping in mind that workplace violence does not have to occur at the workplace, but working within the Human Resource department one must recognize that this type of violence appears in many ways.
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
References
  
Abrahamson, J., & Cantrell, R. T. (2012). The Violence Against Women Act: Elements and Considerations. Nova Science Pub.
  
Andrus, J. (2015). The Legal Discourse of Domestic Violence. Entextualizing Domestic Violence, 22-46. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190225834.003.0002
  
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588. doi:10.2307/2094589
  
Frontmatter. (2019). The New American Workplace, i-vi. doi:10.7591/9781501720642-fm
  
Hurd, I. (2013). International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  
Martin, M. E. (2018). Introduction To Human Services Through the eyes of Practice Settings. New York, NY: Pearson
  
Petherick, W. (2017). Victim Precipitation: Why we need to Expand Upon the Theory. Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal, 5(2). doi:10.15406/frcij.2017.05.00148
  
Turvey, B. E. (2011). Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis. Academic Press.

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Criminological theory

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