Criminological theory

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The debate of Nature vs. Nurture or Nature via Nurture has several aspects to account for; the genes of an individual, their childhood conditions and the various people that have impacted them (Lerner, 2018). Although nurture is closely looked at regarding an individual’s actions, it is imperative that criminologist take a step back and look at biological factors such as a person’s genetic makeup as well. There are numerous biological factors found to play a role in producing criminal behavior, such as genetics, hormones and neurotransmitters, neurological deficits, psychophysiology, and environmental toxins. If biology is disregarded, it can lead to an overestimation of crime. There are also certain sociological elements that create impact on our behavior. The family is our first step in the socialization of and individual, we learn norms and the ways of right and wrong from our family members. The biosocial perspective obviously considers biological influences on behavior; environmental factors are given significant weight by biosocial criminologists.  After all, “even the strongest biological influences still need an environment in which to be expressed” (Beaver, Barnes, & Boutwell, 2014).
  
Following is the table in which nature, nurture and metaphysical are rated using 100% scale. They must all add up to 100%.
  
        Naturel (biological factors)
         Nurture (sociological factors)
         Metaphysical
             70%
         25%
         5%
      
 
  
In criminology there is more effect of nature (biological theories) as compare to Nurture (sociological theories) and any other factor such as metaphysical. The above table clearly shows that nature that nature has 70% role in the antisocial or criminal behavior while nurture has low effects of 25% than nature.  A research using genetically and sociologically informed twin data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) (Udry, 2003) suggests that 85% of the youth with genetic and environmental risk factors developed some form of antisocial or criminal behavior. There is a role of metaphysical (5%) in the antisocial or criminal behavior. Metaphysical examines the fundamental nature of reality of a criminal including the relationship between mind and matter. It is very rare chance that an individual having belief on demons, gods, or unexplained or unproven spirit commit a criminal action. While it is clear that no gene, hormone, toxin, or other biological factor may be held singly responsible for conduct as complex as criminality, biosocial research consistently indicates that criminal behavior is largely the result of an interaction between both biological and social factors. Consequently, neither biology, nor environment, alone accurately explains criminal behavior.   
 
  
85% of the youth with genetic and environmental risk factors developed some form   
of antisocial or criminal behavior   
85% of the youth with genetic and environmental risk factors developed some form   
of antisocial or criminal behavior   
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
References
  
Beaver, K. M., Barnes, J., & Boutwell, B. B. (2014). The Nurture Versus Biosocial Debate in Criminology: On the Origins of Criminal Behavior and Criminality. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  
Lerner, R. M. (2018). Toward Resolving the Nature–Nurture Controversy. Concepts and Theories of Human Development, 170-196. doi:10.4324/9780203581629-6
  
Lock. (2016). Can Science Resolve the Nature/Nurture Debate? Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  
Udry, J. R. (2002). DAAPPP Data Set Q1-Q9, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave III, 2001- 2002 (Add Health). PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e385072004-001

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Criminological theory

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