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Ethincs
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translations from ancient languages, this<br>can be misleading. The main trouble is that<br>happiness (especially in modern America)<br>is often conceived of as a subjective state<br>of mind, as when one says one is happy<br>when one is enjoying a cool beer on a hot<br>day, or is out "having fun" with one's<br>friends. For Aristotle, however, happiness<br>is a final end or goal that encompasses the<br>totality of one's life. It is not something<br>that can be gained or lost in a few hours,<br>like pleasurable sensations. It is more like<br>the ultimate value of your life as lived up<br>to this moment, measuring how well you<br>have lived up to your full potential as a<br>human being. For this reason, one cannot<br>really make any pronouncements about<br>whether one has lived a happy life until it<br>is over, just as we would not say of a<br>football game that it was a "great game" at<br>halftime (indeed we know of many such<br>games that turn out to be blowouts or<br>duds). For the same reason we cannot XXX<br>XXXX children are happy, any XXXX than XX<br>can say that an XXXXX XX a XXXX, for the<XX>potential XXX a flourishing XXXXX life has<XX>not XXX XXXX realized. As Aristotle XXXX,<XX>"for XX it is not XXX XXXXXXX or one fine day<XX>that makes a spring, so it is XXX one XXX or<XX>a short time that XXXXX a man blessed and<XX>happy." (XXXXXXXXXXX Ethics, 1098a18)<br>XXX Hierarchical XXXX of Nature<br>XX order to XXXXXXX human XXXXXXXXX,<XX>Aristotle draws on a XXXX XX nature he<br>derived XXXX his XXXXXXXXXX investigations.<br>XX we look XX nature, we XXXXXX XXXX there<XX>are XXXX different XXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXX exist<XX>in XXX XXXXX, each XXX defined by a<br>XXXXXXXXX purpose:<br>XXXXXXX: XXXXX, metals and other<br>XXXXXXXX XXXXXX. The XXXX goal XXXXX<XX>XXXXX things XXXX is to XXXX to a XXXX.<br>XXXX are "beyond XXXXXX" since they<XX>XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX no XXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXX and XXXXX wildlife.<br>XXXX we XXX a XXX kind of thing<XX>XXXXXX,XXXXXXXXX which is XXXXX.<br>Because XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and<XX>growth, they XXXX souls and XXX XX<br>XXXX said to be XXXXXXXXX XXXX they<br>XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX<XX>XXXXXX: XXX XXX XXXXXXXXX we study XX<br>XXXXXXXXX to the animal kingdom.<XX>Here we XXX a XXXXXX level XX XXXX<br>XXXXXX: XXXXXXX seek pleasure and<XX>reproduction, XXX we XXX talk about a<XX>happy or sad dog, XXX XXXXXXX, to the<br>XXXXXX that XXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXX lead a<XX>pleasant XXXX<br>XXXXX: what is it that makes human<XX>XXXXXX different XXXX the XXXX XX the<XX>XXXXXX XXXXXXX? Aristotle XXXXXXX:<br>XXXXXX. XXXX humans XXX XXXXXXX of<XX>XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX to principles, and in<br>so XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX for XXXXX<br>XXXXXXX. We XXX XXXXX Johnny for<br>XXXXXXXX the candy XXXXX he knows it XX<XX>XXXXX, XXX XX XXXXXX't blame an<XX>animal since it doesn't XXXX XXX<XX>XXXXXX.<br>It XXXXX XXXX our XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX to<br>XXXXXX: by XXXXXXXXX things out we attain<XX>XXX XXXX, solve XXX XXXXXXXX, XXX hence<XX>XXXX a life XXXX XX qualitatively different in<XX>kind XXXX plants or XXXXXXX. XXX XXXX XXX<XX>a XXXXX is different from the good for an<br>XXXXXX XXXXXXX we XXXX XXXXXXXXX<br>capacities or XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. We XXXX a<XX>rational XXXXXXXX and the exercising XX XXXX<XX>capacity is thus XXX XXXXXXXXXX of XXX<br>natures XX XXXXX beings. XXX XXXX reason,<XX>XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX human<br>happiness, XXX XXXXXXXX is what XXXXXXX<XX>seek and human XXXXXX XXXX higher<XX>capacities XXXX animals. XXX XXXX XX not to<XX>annihilate XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX, however, but<XX>rather XX channel XXXX in ways XXXX XXX<br>appropriate XX our natures XX XXXXXXXX<br>XXXXXXX.<br>Thus XXXXXXXXX gives XX XXX<br>definition XX XXXXXXXXX:<XX>. ..XXX function XX man is to live a<br>XXXXXXX kind of life, XXX XXXX activity<br>XXXXXXX a rational XXXXXXXXX, XXX the<XX>XXXXXXXX XX a good man is the XXXX<XX>and XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX these, XXX<br>if any XXXXXX XX well XXXXXXXXX it XX<XX>XXXXXXXXX in accord with the<br>XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX: if this XX the<XX>XXXX , then happiness XXXXX out XX be<br>an activity of XXX soul in XXXXXXXXXX<br>XXXX XXXXXX. (XXXXXXXXXXX Ethics,<br>XXXX a 13 )<XX>XXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX as the Exercise XX<XX>XXXXXX<XX>In XXXX last quote we can see XXXXXXX<XX>important feature of XXXXXXXXX's XXXXXX: the<br>XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX and<XX>XXXXXX. Aristotle XXXXX us that the most<br>important factor in the effort XX XXXXXXX<XX>happiness is to have a XXXX moral<XX>XXXXXXXXX &XXXXX; XXXX he calls "XXXXXXXX<br>virtue." XXX being XXXXXXXX XX XXX a passive<br>XXXXX: XXX XXXX XXX in accordance XXXX<XX>virtue. Nor XX it enough to have a few<XX>XXXXXXX; XXXXXX one must XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX<br>XXX XX XXXX. As XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX,<XX>He is happy XXX lives in accordance<br>XXXX XXXXXXXX virtue and is<br>XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX<XX>XXXXX , not XXX some XXXXXX period<XX>XXX throughout a complete XXXX.<XX>(Nicomachean XXXXXX , XXXXX 10 )<br>According XX XXXXXXXXX, happiness consists<br>in achieving, XXXXXXX the XXXXXX of a whole<br>XXXXXXXX, all the goods — health, XXXXXX,<br>XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, etc. &XXXXX; that XXXX XX XXX<XX>perfection XX XXXXX nature XXX to the<XX>XXXXXXXXXX of human life. XXXX requires XX<br>to XXXX XXXXXXX, XXXX XX which may XX<br>XXXX difficult. XXXXX the lesser XXXX<XX>promises immediate XXXXXXXX and is more<br>XXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXX XXXXXXX good is XXXXXXX<XX>XXX requires some XXXX of XXXXXXXXX. For<br>XXXXXXX, it may be easier and XXXX<XX>enjoyable XX XXXXX XXX XXXXX watching<br>television, but you XXXX that you will XX<XX>XXXXXX off XX you spend it XXXXXXXXXXX for<XX>your XXXX XXXXX. Developing a XXXX<XX>character XXXXXXXX a XXXXXX XXXXXX of XXXX XX<br>XX XXX XXXXX XXXXX, XXXX in difficult<br>XXXXXXXXXX.<br>Another XXXXXXX is XXX taking XX drugs,<XX>XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX more XXX XXXX of a<XX>XXXXXXX in our XXXXXXX today. XXX a fairly<br>small price, one XXX immediately take<br>one’s mind off XX XXX’s troubles and<XX>experience deep euphoria by popping an<br>XXXXXXXXX XXXX or XXXXXXXX XXXX cocaine.<XX>XXX, inevitably, XXXX short-term pleasure<XX>XXXX lead to longer XXXX XXXX. A few XXXXX<XX>XXXXX you XXX XXXX miserable and so XXXX<XX>XX XXXX the XXXX again, which leads to a<XX>XXXXX-ending XXXXXX of XXXX XXX relief.<XX>XXXXXXXXX inevitably XXXXXX your XXXXX XXX<br>provides a XXXXXX XX your friends and<br>family. XXX of those virtues &XXXXX; XXXXXXXXXX,<br>XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, courage, etc. —<br>that make up the XXXX life appear XX XX<XX>XXXXXXXXXXXXX absent in a life XX drug use.<br>XXXXXXXXX XXXXX be strongly critical of XXX<XX>XXXXXXX of "instant gratification" which<br>seems XX XXXXXXXXXXX in our society today.<br>XX order XX achieve XXX XXXX XX complete<br>virtue, XX XXXX to make XXX right XXXXXXX,<XX>and this involves keeping XXX XXX on XXX<br>XXXXXX, XX the XXXXXXXX result we want for<br>XXX XXXXX XX a XXXXX. XX will not achieve<br>happiness XXXXXX by XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX<br>of XXX XXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXXXX, this is<XX>XXXXXXXXX most XXXXXX XXX XXX able to<br>XXXXXXXX in themselves. XX he XXXXXXX,<br>"the XXXX XX mankind are XXXXXXXXX quite<br>XXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXX, preferring a XXXX<br>suitable XX beasts"</p>">
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