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Ethincs
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translations from ancient languages, this<br>can be misleading. The main trouble is that<br>happiness (especially in modern America)<br>is often conceived of as a subjective state<br>of mind, as when one says one is happy<br>when one is enjoying a cool beer on a hot<br>day, or is out "having fun" with one's<br>friends. For Aristotle, however, happiness<br>is a final end or goal that encompasses the<br>totality of one's life. It is not something<br>that can be gained or lost in a few hours,<br>like pleasurable sensations. It is more like<br>the ultimate value of your life as lived up<br>to this moment, measuring how well you<br>have lived up to your full potential as a<br>human being. For this reason, one cannot<br>really make any pronouncements about<br>whether one has lived a happy life until it<br>is over, just as we would not say of a<br>football game that it was a "great game" at<br>halftime (indeed we know of many such<br>games that turn out to be blowouts or<br>duds). For XXX same XXXXXX XX cannot XXX<XX>XXXX children are XXXXX, XXX XXXX than we<br>XXX XXX XXXX an XXXXX XX a XXXX, XXX the<br>XXXXXXXXX XXX a XXXXXXXXXXX human XXXX XXX<XX>not XXX XXXX realized. As Aristotle XXXX,<br>"XXX XX it XX not XXX XXXXXXX or XXX fine XXX<br>XXXX XXXXX a spring, so it XX not XXX day or<XX>a XXXXX XXXX XXXX makes a man XXXXXXX and<XX>happy." (XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX)<br>The Hierarchical View of XXXXXX<XX>XX order to explain XXXXX happiness,<XX>Aristotle XXXXX on a XXXX of nature he<br>XXXXXXX XXXX his biological XXXXXXXXXXXXXX.<br>XX we XXXX at nature, XX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX<XX>are four different kinds XX things XXXX exist<XX>in XXX world, each one XXXXXXX XX a<XX>different purpose:<br>XXXXXXX: rocks, metals XXX XXXXX<br>XXXXXXXX things. XXX XXXX goal XXXXX<br>these XXXXXX XXXX XX XX come XX a XXXX.<XX>XXXX are "beyond stupid" since they<XX>XXX XXXXXXXXX objects with no XXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXX and XXXXX XXXXXXXX.<XX>XXXX XX XXX a XXX kind XX XXXXX<br>emerge,XXXXXXXXX which is XXXXX.<XX>XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and<XX>growth, XXXX have souls XXX XXX XX<br>XXXX XXXX to be satisfied XXXX XXXX<XX>attain these goals<br>XXXXXX: XXX XXX XXXXXXXXX we study as<br>belonging to XXX animal XXXXXXX.<br>Here we see a XXXXXX level of XXXX<XX>XXXXXX: XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX and<XX>reproduction, and we XXX XXXX about a<XX>happy or sad dog, for example, to XXX<XX>XXXXXX XXXX XXXX are healthy and lead a<br>pleasant XXXX<br>Human: what XX it XXXX XXXXX XXXXX<br>XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX the rest XX the<XX>XXXXXX XXXXXXX? XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX:<br>Reason. Only XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX of<XX>XXXXXX according XX principles, XXX in<br>so doing XXXXXX responsibility XXX XXXXX<XX>XXXXXXX. XX XXX blame Johnny for<XX>stealing XXX candy since he XXXXX it XX<XX>XXXXX, XXX XX wouldn't XXXXX an<br>animal since it XXXXX't know any<br>better.<XX>XX XXXXX that XXX XXXXXX function is to<br>reason: XX XXXXXXXXX things out XX XXXXXX<XX>XXX ends, XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX, XXX hence<XX>XXXX a life that is XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in<XX>kind XXXX plants or XXXXXXX. The XXXX XXX<br>a human XX XXXXXXXXX from XXX XXXX XXX an<XX>animal because XX have different<br>XXXXXXXXXX or potentialities. We have a<XX>XXXXXXXX capacity XXX the XXXXXXXXXX of XXXX<XX>XXXXXXXX is thus XXX XXXXXXXXXX of XXX<br>XXXXXXX XX XXXXX beings. XXX this XXXXXX,<XX>XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX constitute XXXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXX, for XXXXXXXX XX XXXX animals<XX>seek XXX human XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX<br>capacities XXXX animals. XXX XXXX is XXX XX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX urges, XXXXXXX, XXX<XX>rather XX XXXXXXX them in ways that are<XX>XXXXXXXXXXX to XXX natures as XXXXXXXX<br>animals.<br>Thus Aristotle gives XX XXX<XX>definition of happiness:<XX>. ..XXX function XX XXX XX to XXXX a<br>XXXXXXX XXXX of XXXX, XXX this XXXXXXXX<XX>XXXXXXX a XXXXXXXX principle, XXX the<br>XXXXXXXX XX a good XXX XX the XXXX<br>XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX, XXX<br>if any action is XXXX XXXXXXXXX it XX<br>XXXXXXXXX in accord XXXX XXX<br>XXXXXXXXXXX excellence: if XXXX XX the<XX>XXXX , XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX out XX XX<XX>an activity of XXX soul in accordance<XX>with XXXXXX. (Nicomachean XXXXXX,<XX>XXXX a 13 )<br>XXX Pursuit of XXXXXXXXX as XXX Exercise of<XX>XXXXXX<XX>XX this last XXXXX we can XXX another<br>XXXXXXXXX feature XX Aristotle's theory: the<br>XXXX between XXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXX<XX>XXXXXX. Aristotle XXXXX XX that XXX most<br>important factor in XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXX XX XX have a XXXX moral<XX>XXXXXXXXX — XXXX he calls "XXXXXXXX<br>virtue." XXX being virtuous is XXX a passive<br>state: one XXXX XXX in XXXXXXXXXX with<br>XXXXXX. XXX is it enough to XXXX a XXX<br>XXXXXXX; XXXXXX XXX must strive XX XXXXXXX<br>XXX XX them. XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX,<br>He is happy who lives in XXXXXXXXXX<XX>with XXXXXXXX virtue and is<XX>sufficiently XXXXXXXX XXXX external<XX>XXXXX , XXX XXX some XXXXXX period<XX>XXX throughout a complete XXXX.<br>(XXXXXXXXXXX Ethics , XXXXX XX )<br>According to XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX consists<br>in achieving, through the course of a XXXXX<br>lifetime, all XXX goods &XXXXX; XXXXXX, XXXXXX,<XX>knowledge, XXXXXXX, XXX. &XXXXX; that lead XX the<br>XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXX and XX XXX<br>enrichment of XXXXX life. This XXXXXXXX us<XX>XX make choices, some of XXXXX XXX XX<br>very difficult. XXXXX the XXXXXX XXXX<br>promises immediate pleasure and is more<br>tempting, while XXX XXXXXXX XXXX is XXXXXXX<br>and requires some XXXX of sacrifice. For<XX>XXXXXXX, it XXX be XXXXXX XXX XXXX<br>enjoyable to spend the night XXXXXXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX, XXX you XXXX XXXX you XXXX be<XX>better off XX you XXXXX it XXXXXXXXXXX XXX<br>your XXXX paper. Developing a good<br>XXXXXXXXX requires a strong effort of will XX<br>XX XXX right XXXXX, even in difficult<br>XXXXXXXXXX.<br>XXXXXXX example is XXX XXXXXX of XXXXX,<br>which is becoming more and more XX a<br>problem in XXX society today. XXX a fairly<br>XXXXX price, XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX take<XX>one’s mind off of one’s XXXXXXXX XXX<XX>experience XXXX XXXXXXXX by XXXXXXX an<br>XXXXXXXXX XXXX or XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX.<br>XXX, inevitably, this short-XXXX XXXXXXXX<XX>will lead to XXXXXX XXXX pain. X XXX XXXXX<br>XXXXX you may XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX so XXXX<br>to XXXX XXX XXXX again, which leads to a<br>XXXXX-XXXXXX XXXXXX of XXXX and XXXXXX.<XX>XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX drains your XXXXX and<br>provides a XXXXXX XX your friends and<br>family. All of XXXXX virtues — generosity,<XX>temperance, friendship, XXXXXXX, etc. —<br>that make XX XXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXX XX XX<XX>conspicuously absent in a XXXX of XXXX XXX.<br>XXXXXXXXX would XX XXXXXXXX critical XX XXX<XX>XXXXXXX of "XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX" XXXXX<XX>seems to predominate in our XXXXXXX today.<br>In order XX achieve the life of XXXXXXXX<br>XXXXXX, we XXXX to make the right XXXXXXX,<br>and this XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX eye on the<br>future, XX the ultimate XXXXXX XX want XXX<br>our XXXXX as a whole. XX XXXX not achieve<br>XXXXXXXXX simply by XXXXXXXX XXX pleasures<XX>of the XXXXXX. Unfortunately, this XX<br>XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX are XXX able to<XX>XXXXXXXX in themselves. XX he XXXXXXX,<br>"the mass XX mankind are evidently quite<XX>XXXXXXX in their XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX a life<XX>suitable to beasts"</p>">
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