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Ethincs
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translations from ancient languages, this<br>can be misleading. The main trouble is that<br>happiness (especially in modern America)<br>is often conceived of as a subjective state<br>of mind, as when one says one is happy<br>when one is enjoying a cool beer on a hot<br>day, or is out "having fun" with one's<br>friends. For Aristotle, however, happiness<br>is a final end or goal that encompasses the<br>totality of one's life. It is not something<br>that can be gained or lost in a few hours,<br>like pleasurable sensations. It is more like<br>the ultimate value of your life as lived up<br>to this moment, measuring how well you<br>have lived up to your full potential as a<br>human being. For this reason, one cannot<br>really make any pronouncements about<br>whether one has lived a happy life until it<br>is over, just as we would not say of a<br>football game that it was a "great game" at<br>halftime (indeed we know of many such<br>games that turn out to be blowouts or<br>duds). For the XXXX reason XX XXXXXX XXX<br>XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX happy, any XXXX than XX<br>can XXX XXXX an acorn XX a XXXX, for the<XX>potential for a flourishing XXXXX life has<XX>not XXX been XXXXXXXX. As XXXXXXXXX says,<XX>"XXX XX it is XXX one swallow or one fine XXX<br>that makes a spring, so it XX XXX XXX day or<XX>a short time XXXX XXXXX a XXX XXXXXXX and<br>XXXXX." (Nicomachean XXXXXX, 1098a18)<XX>XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX of XXXXXX<XX>XX order XX explain human XXXXXXXXX,<XX>Aristotle draws XX a view of XXXXXX he<XX>XXXXXXX from his XXXXXXXXXX investigations.<XX>If XX XXXX XX nature, XX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX<br>XXX XXXX different XXXXX XX things that XXXXX<XX>in the world, XXXX one XXXXXXX by a<br>XXXXXXXXX purpose:<br>Mineral: rocks, XXXXXX XXX XXXXX<br>XXXXXXXX XXXXXX. The only XXXX which<XX>XXXXX things seek is to come to a XXXX.<br>They are "XXXXXX XXXXXX" XXXXX they<XX>are XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX with no soul<br>XXXXXXXXXX: plants XXX other wildlife.<XX>XXXX XX XXX a new kind XX thing<br>emerge,XXXXXXXXX which XX XXXXX.<XX>XXXXXXX plants XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and<XX>XXXXXX, they have XXXXX and XXX XX<br>XXXX said to be XXXXXXXXX XXXX they<br>attain these goals<br>XXXXXX: XXX the XXXXXXXXX we study as<br>belonging to XXX animal XXXXXXX.<XX>XXXX we see a XXXXXX level of XXXX<XX>XXXXXX: animals XXXX pleasure and<XX>XXXXXXXXXXXX, and we XXX talk about a<br>happy or sad dog, XXX example, to XXX<br>extent XXXX XXXX are XXXXXXX and XXXX a<br>XXXXXXXX XXXX<XX>Human: what XX it that makes XXXXX<XX>beings different from the XXXX of XXX<br>animal kingdom? Aristotle answers:<br>Reason. XXXX humans are capable XX<br>acting according to XXXXXXXXXX, and in<XX>so doing taking XXXXXXXXXXXXXX for their<XX>XXXXXXX. We XXX blame XXXXXX XXX<XX>stealing XXX XXXXX since he XXXXX it XX<XX>wrong, but we XXXXXX't blame an<XX>animal XXXXX it doesn't XXXX any<XX>better.<br>XX XXXXX XXXX XXX unique function is XX<br>XXXXXX: by XXXXXXXXX things out XX XXXXXX<XX>our XXXX, XXXXX our XXXXXXXX, XXX hence<br>XXXX a life that is qualitatively different in<XX>kind XXXX plants or animals. The good XXX<br>a XXXXX is XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXXX for an<br>animal because we have different<XX>XXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. XX XXXX a<br>rational capacity and XXX exercising XX this<br>capacity XX XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXX<XX>XXXXXXX XX XXXXX beings. For this reason,<XX>XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX<br>happiness, XXX pleasure XX XXXX XXXXXXX<XX>seek and XXXXX beings XXXX XXXXXX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX. XXX goal is not XX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX XXX physical urges, however, but<XX>rather to channel them in ways that XXX<XX>XXXXXXXXXXX to XXX natures as rational<br>animals.<XX>Thus Aristotle gives us XXX<XX>XXXXXXXXXX of happiness:<br>. ..the function XX XXX is to live a<XX>XXXXXXX kind of XXXX, XXX this XXXXXXXX<XX>implies a XXXXXXXX principle, XXX XXX<XX>XXXXXXXX XX a good man is the good<br>XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX of these, XXX<XX>XX XXX action XX XXXX performed it XX<br>XXXXXXXXX in accord with XXX<br>XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX: if this XX the<br>case , XXXX happiness XXXXX out to XX<XX>an XXXXXXXX of XXX soul in accordance<XX>XXXX virtue. (XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX,<XX>XXXX a 13 )<XX>The Pursuit XX XXXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXX of<XX>Virtue<XX>XX XXXX last quote we can XXX XXXXXXX<XX>important XXXXXXX XX Aristotle's theory: XXX<XX>XXXX between the XXXXXXXX XX happiness and<XX>virtue. XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XX that XXX most<br>XXXXXXXXX factor in XXX effort XX achieve<br>XXXXXXXXX XX XX have a XXXX moral<XX>character — what he calls "complete<XX>XXXXXX." But being virtuous is XXX a XXXXXXX<br>state: one must XXX in XXXXXXXXXX with<XX>virtue. Nor is it XXXXXX to XXXX a few<XX>XXXXXXX; rather one XXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX<br>all of XXXX. XX Aristotle writes,<br>He is XXXXX XXX XXXXX in accordance<br>XXXX complete XXXXXX XXX XX<br>sufficiently XXXXXXXX with XXXXXXXX<XX>XXXXX , not for XXXX chance XXXXXX<br>but XXXXXXXXXX a complete XXXX.<XX>(Nicomachean Ethics , 1101a 10 )<XX>XXXXXXXXX to Aristotle, happiness XXXXXXXX<XX>in achieving, XXXXXXX the XXXXXX XX a XXXXX<XX>lifetime, all XXX XXXXX &XXXXX; health, wealth,<XX>knowledge, XXXXXXX, etc. — that lead XX the<XX>perfection of XXXXX XXXXXX XXX to the<br>XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX life. XXXX requires us<br>XX XXXX choices, some XX XXXXX may be<XX>XXXX difficult. XXXXX XXX lesser good<br>XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XX more<br>tempting, while XXX XXXXXXX good is XXXXXXX<br>and requires some sort XX XXXXXXXXX. For<XX>example, it may XX easier XXX more<br>enjoyable XX spend the night watching<XX>XXXXXXXXXX, but you XXXX XXXX you XXXX XX<XX>better XXX if you spend it researching for<XX>your XXXX paper. Developing a good<br>character requires a strong effort XX XXXX XX<XX>XX the right thing, even in difficult<XX>situations.<br>Another XXXXXXX is XXX XXXXXX XX drugs,<XX>which XX XXXXXXXX more and more XX a<XX>problem in XXX society today. XXX a XXXXXX<XX>XXXXX price, one XXX XXXXXXXXXXX take<XX>one’s XXXX off of one’s troubles XXX<br>experience XXXX XXXXXXXX by popping an<br>oxycontin pill or snorting some cocaine.<br>Yet, XXXXXXXXXX, this XXXXX-term pleasure<XX>XXXX lead XX XXXXXX XXXX pain. A few XXXXX<br>later you may feel miserable and so XXXX<br>XX XXXX XXX drug XXXXX, which leads to a<XX>XXXXX-ending XXXXXX of XXXX XXX XXXXXX.<br>XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX funds XXX<br>XXXXXXXX a XXXXXX XX XXXX friends XXX<br>XXXXXX. XXX of XXXXX virtues — XXXXXXXXXX,<XX>XXXXXXXXXX, friendship, courage, etc. &XXXXX;<br>XXXX make up the good XXXX appear XX be<XX>XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX in a life XX XXXX use.<XX>Aristotle would XX strongly critical XX XXX<br>culture of "instant XXXXXXXXXXXXX" XXXXX<br>XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX in XXX XXXXXXX today.<br>In order to achieve the life XX XXXXXXXX<XX>virtue, XX need XX make the XXXXX XXXXXXX,<XX>XXX XXXX involves XXXXXXX our XXX XX the<br>XXXXXX, on XXX ultimate result XX want XXX<XX>XXX XXXXX as a XXXXX. XX XXXX XXX achieve<XX>XXXXXXXXX simply by XXXXXXXX the pleasures<br>XX XXX moment. Unfortunately, XXXX XX<br>something most people XXX not able to<XX>XXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX. As he laments,<br>"XXX XXXX of mankind XXX evidently XXXXX<br>slavish in their tastes, XXXXXXXXXX a life<br>XXXXXXXX to XXXXXX"</p>">
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