This XXXXX will argue that the prosecution XX pregnant XXXXX who XXXXX drugs XX XXXXXXXXXXX as it both disproportionately XXXXX blacks and does XXX effectively XXXXX the underlying XXXXXXXXXX issues XXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XX engage in XXXXXXXXX XXXX will put XXXXX XXXXXX children XX risk, XXX XXXX will XXX act as an effective XXXXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX pregnant XXXX addicts XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX blacks XXX fails XX serve XX an XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX for XXXX high-XXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXX (XXXX) XXXXX in a study that prosecutions of pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX XXX ineffective, as they XXXXXXX children XX parental XXXXXXX, and do not XXXX rehabilitative or XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX that XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX address the XXXXX of XXXXXXXX drug XXXXXXX and XXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXX to XXXXX unborn children from a public health XXXXXXXXXXX. Laws to XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX drug XXXXXXX would XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX such individuals, leaving XXXX XXX their children at XXXXXXXXX disadvantage, and increase the XXXXXXXXXX of XXXX XXXXXXXX illegal abortions XX XXXXX legal consequences from their drug addictions. (Mohapatra, XXXX) XX XXXX to jail or given onerous XXXXX for XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX would continue to XXXX be financially XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX them at a XXXXX XXXXXXXX to care for XXXXX XXXXXXXX. Furthermore, XXXXXXXXXXX does not XXXXXXX XXX XXXX XX education, XXXXXX XXXXXXX or economic XXXXXXXXXXX that leads one XX XXXXXX a pregnant drug addict, XXXXX XXX the more important XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX to address in trying XX solve XXX XXXXX of pregnant drug XXXXXXX XXX XXX XXXX they pose to XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXX prosecution XX pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX increases XXX XXXXXXXXXX that they would XXXX their drug addictions, which would XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX for XXXXXX XX XX born without XXXXXXX knowing about XXXXX XXXXXXX’ drug addictions. XX a result, XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX XX severely disadvantaged XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX medical and XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX will not XX administered to them, while XXXXX XXXXXXXX may XX XXXXXXXXXXXX as other XXXXXXXXXX. Conversely, it would XX wiser to provide amnesty for XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXX and XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX their XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXX for more effective XXXXXXXXXXXX of harms for both the mother and XXX child. Finally, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX reproductive lives of XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XX XXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXXX violation of human rights. (Mohapatra, 2011)
Public health-XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX programmes should be XXXX instead XX prosecution XX XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts. Mohapatra (2011) notes that the use XX a XXXXXXXX public XXXXXX model XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX women XXX XXXXX XXXXXX outcomes. (XXXXXXXXX, XXXX) This XX XXXXXXXXX XX a study XX Stone-XXXXXXX (2009), who XXXXXXXX XXXX rehabilitation would XX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX criminal prosecution in protecting XXXXXXXX XXXXX women XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX.
In XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts is an ineffective XXXXXX XXXXXXX XX reduce harms to XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX, while also XXXXXXX a XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX high XXXXXX on the XXXXX XXXXXXXXX. Other XXXXXXXX, XXXX XX rehabilitation and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, could be XXXX instead for greater XXXXXXXX. The XXXX XX pregnant XXXX XXXXXXX and XXX potential XXXXX to XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX does, XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX’s principle that it XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX determine "XXXXXXX, or for whom, a given disparity is XXXXXXX.”, and that XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX of XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX be XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX in deciding XX XXX best policy XXXXXX to XXXXXXX an XXXXX XX serious as XXXXXXXX XXXX addicts. (Kennedy, XXXX)
XXXXXXXXXX
Kennedy, R. (2012). Race, XXXXX, XXX the law. XXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXXX, S. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXXXX addiction: A XXXXXX health XXXXXXXX to XXXX use XXXXXX pregnancy. XXX. JL Gender, & Soc'y, XX, XXX.
Stone-XXXXXXX, K. (XXXX). Protecting XXXXXXXX women: A guide XX successfully challenging XXXXXXXX XXXXX abuse XXXXXXXXXXXX XX pregnant drug addicts. The XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX Law and Criminology, XXX-856.
XXXX X
1. XXXXXXXX XX XXXX:
XXXX makes a XXXXXX of XXXX-deliberated points XXXXX the importance XX greater XXXXXX equality and female XXXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXX criminal justice system. XX the XXXXXXXX justice system is a system that XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX and females, having insufficient representation by female XXXXXXXX justice professionals, in XXX areas such as XXXXX XXXXXXXX, judges, jailers and XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. Popular XXXXXXX XXXX as ‘Orange XX the New Black’, XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX in the New York Times and XXXXXXXXXX Post, XXXX XXXXXXX to XXX XXXXXXX of having a XXXX-XXXXXXXXX criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, which include abuse XX XXXXX, XXXXXXXX gender XXXXXXXX, higher XXXXX XX sexual assault and XXXXXXXXXX, and a XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX system. Clearly, XX Rena XXX pointed out, we need more females XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX in the XXXXXXXX justice XXXXXX, and the notion XXXX ‘XXXX profession is more XXX a XXXX’ , with an emphasis XX ‘masculinity XXX XXXXXXXXX’ XXX to be XXXXXXXXXXXX to a XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX-XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, which is XXXX XXXXXX and male-XXXXXXXXX. However, as in the XXXX of sectors XXXX XXXXX gender XXXXXXXXXXX, such XX the military, there XXXX still XXXXXX concerns XX problematic XXXXX XXXXXXXX without a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX shift. XX XXXXX words, even if XXXXX XXX more XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX professionals, the problems of discrimination, dominance and XXXXX XX XXXXX XX male XXXXXXXX justice XXXXXXXXXXXXX will remain unless there XX a shift in culture XXXXXX one that respects and empowers XXXX genders of XXXXXXXX justice professionals. XXXX is XXX XXXX XXX in which XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX (XXXX) will XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX of ‘XXXXXXX wishing to XX XXXXXXXX XXXXX the ranks’ XXXXXXXX - XXXXXXX a XXXXXXXXXXX change in XXX ‘police culture XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX toughness’, to one which, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX, emphasize XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, kindness XXX XXXXXXXX.
X. XXXXXXXX to XXXXX
Pre-XXXXXXXXXX gender identity, roles XXX concepts XXXXX how males and females XXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXX and identify are indeed problematic, and XXX be XXXXXXX XXXX XXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX consequences. McNamara and XXXXX (2003) indeed XXXXX, as Queta XXX noted, to an XXXXXXXXX truth when they discuss XXX importance XX gender XXXXXXXX XXX roles, XXX XXX case of XXX female XXXX XXXXXX XXX committed suicide XXXXXX XXX trial of her male teacher rapist XX indeed an unfortunate XXXXXXXXXXX and a miscarriage XX injustice. The nature XX XXXXXXX societies today XX indeed structured to favor XXXX dominance, XXX more needs to XX done to accord women XXXX XXX fundamental rights, XXXXXXX and capability to XXXXX equal to XXX. Beyond the XXXXXXXXXXXX of the important role XX XXXXXX concepts, identity and XXXXX, however, there XXXXX XX XX more discussion XXXXX XXX practical XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXX identity, roles and cultural XXXXXXXXXXXX can XX changed. XXXXX XXXXX have discussed how XXXXX XXXXXX, greater female XXXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXX justice XXXXXXX, greater XXXXX movements to XXXXXXXX for women’s XXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX play an important role in XXXXXXXXXXXX how societies XXX XXXXXXXXXXX think XXXXX XXX roles XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX and women. XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX multiple XXXXXXXXXXXX, but change is possible, XX XXXX it XXXX XXXX the XXXX themselves XXX just.
3. Response to XXXX
XXXX’s XXXXXX about XXX dominance XX XXX in criminal justice and legal XXXXXXX, the continued prevalence of sexism, XXX the subtle XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, are important observations about the XXXXXX of XXX XXXXXXXX justice system today. As Helfgott et XX (XXXX) and Kennedy (2019) XXXXXXX, XXXXXX inequalities XXX male dominance in several fields XX still prevalent, which XXXXXXX women from achieving the legal rights and XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXX’s points XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX against XXXXX’s XXXXXX, in terms XX XXXXXX disorders and scams, XXX less clear. Is XXXX a consequence XX XXX XXXX for XXXXXXX XXXXX’s XXXXXX, or a XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX lack XX XXXXX’s XXXXXX in certain areas? XX XX clear XXXX Shan addresses several XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX gender inequality, XXXXXXXXXX in the criminal XXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXX be XXXXXXXXX, XXX it XX also important XXX XX to be clear XXXXXX XXXXX the XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX hand XXXX XXXX XX be addressed.
X. XXXXXXXX to Melvin
XXXXXX presents a well-XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX by female XXXXXXXX justice professionals, with XXXXXXXXXX attention paid XX XXX XXXXX XX harassment, XXXXXX yardsticks, misconceptions, neglect, workplace hostility and XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX that female officers XXXX in XXX course XX their work, XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXX, XXXX, Rabe-XXXX, XXXX, Brodeur, XXXX and Feinman, 1994. Clearly, XXXXX in the police force face an XXXXXX XXXXXX in dealing XXXX colleagues and the XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and society, and face more serious XXXXXXXX XXX mental XXXXXX consequences than their XXXX counterparts, in a XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX already XXXX-known XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX it XXXXXX XX XXX officers. In order XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXX address XXXXX XXXXXX, it would XX interesting XX have XXXX XX XXX are XXX main culprits and XXXXXXX for such XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, neglect and stereotypes faced XX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. This is because XXX XXXXXX mechanisms which XXXXXX XX XXXX to address these issues vary greatly, depending XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX, subordinates or XXXXXXXXX members are XXX XXXXXXXX of such persecution XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, to have a more equitable XXX XXXX XXXXXX force composed of a XXXXXXXXXXXXX large number of female police officers, XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX to be effectively XXXXXXXXX.