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Healthcare Discussion Questions
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<p> </p> <p>Blumberg, Linda J., Matthew Buettgens, Judy Feder, and John Holahan. "Implications of the Affordable Care Act for American Business."<i>Washington, DC: Urban Institute</i>(2012). </p> <p> </p> <p>Hall, Mark A. "Evaluating the Affordable Care Act: The eye of the beholder."<i>Hous. L. Rev.</i>51 (2013): 1029. </p> <p> </p> <p>Sugden, Ryan. "Sick and (still) broke: Why the Affordable Care Act won't end medical bankruptcy."<i>Wash. UJL & Pol'y</i>38 (2012): 441. </p> <p> </p> <p></p><ul><li>Describe America’s historical reliance on informal versus formal long‐term care. What factors caused this shift? Given this history, what future challenges could be expected due to demographic, economic, and other trends? Name at least four reasXXX why XXXXXXX LTC XXXXXXXXX XXX lacked XXXXXXXXXX and XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX with American XXXXXXXXX. What XXX model XX XXXXXXXXX appeared XXXXXXXX on XXX market from several major insurers that XXX reshape demand patterns? </li></XX><p></p><p><span></span> </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXXX XXX traditionally relied XXXX on informal XXXX-term care XXXX formal long-XXXX care XXX to the high XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX in XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX. This trend XXX XXXXXXXXX as healthcare costs have continued XX rise, and XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX in XXX X.S. has continued to rise due to an XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. Furthermore, a sluggish recovery XXXX-XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXX XX long-term care XXXXXXXX, XXXXX are seen XX XXXX expenditure XXXXX. However, as XXX population ages, the use and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX informal XXXX term care XXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXX it XXX no longer XX XXXXXXXXXXX or personally XXXXXXXXXXX for children or XXXXXXX XX take XXXX XX their XXXXX XXXX long-term XXXX needs XX the dependency ratio XXXXXXXXX XX XXXX. This XXXXXXXX XXXX new XXXXXX XX long-term XXXX, XXXX a sco-XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX living XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXX to XXXX in prominence in XXX XXXXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXX XXX reasons XXX private XXXX-term XXXX insurance XXXXXXXX has XXXXXX popularity and not XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX around high prices, low XXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXX-XXXX care XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX of XXXXXXX or coverage XXXX their other insurance packages, XXX lack of XXXXX XXXX XXX reliability or credit-worthiness of XXXX-term care insurance XXXXXXXXX. Crucially, the individuals XXXX at risk of lacking long-term care, such as XXX XXXXXXX or the XXXXXXXXXX ill, XXX unaware of the options XXXX long-term XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX, XXX typically do not think about long-XXXX XXXX until much later in their lives, when illness or XXXXXXXX conditions have occurred. </p> <p> </p> <p>Alternative XXX models XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX in XXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX major insurers. These XXXXXXX XXXXX-XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX with a XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, and hybrid life and long-term care XXXXXXXX. XXXXX policies are likely XX reshape demand for XXXX-XXXX XXXX insurance substitutes because they XXXXX the same XXXXXXXX XX the original long-XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX policies, while XXXXXXXXX alternative ways to XXXXXX similar levels of XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX levels XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX on investment XXXXX. Other XXX XXXXXXX include a XXXXXXXX XX XXX nuclear XXXXXX structure to XXXXXXX long-term XXXX, and a lack XX XXXXXXXXX XX the need for long-term care. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p> </p> <p>Brown, XXXXXXX X., Gopi XXXX Goda, XXX Kathleen XXXXXXX. "Long-term care insurance demand XXXXXXX by beliefs XXXXX needs, concerns XXXXX insurers, and care available XXXX family."<i>XXXXXX Affairs</i>31, no. X (2012): XXXX-XXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXX, XXXXXXX R., and X. XXXXXXXXXXX.<i>XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX Long&XXXX Care Insurance in the US: A Review of the XXXXXXXX</i>. V XXXXXXX paper, XXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>Brown, Jeffrey R., and XXX Finkelstein. "XXX XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX and private insurance: XXXXXXXX and XXX XXXX-XXXX care insurance market."<i>XXXXXXXX Economic XXXXXX</i>98, no. X (XXXX): XXXX-XXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p></p><ul><li>XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX X parts: X) Identify XXXXX XXXXXXXX XX vulnerable population groups in XXX U.S. experiencing health XXXXXXXXXXX and explain why XXXX persist in XXX U. S. XXXX each XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX a XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX or illness – or associated mortality – XXXXX on epidemiological research XXX each population XXXXX identified; and X) XXXXXXXX four XXXXXXXX that have XXXXXXXX been XXXXXXX to address XXX problem of XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. XX XX possible XXXX a XXXXXXX XXX be XXXXX enough to XXXXXXX all XXXXX XX XXXX identified disparities/population groups or XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX target XXXX XXX of XXXX XXXXXXXX. You still need to describe a total of XXXX such XXXXXXXX in your response. </li></XX><p><span></span> </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXX vulnerable XXXXXXXXXX groups in XXX U.S. in terms of XXX XXXXXXX, the African-XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXX. Foremost, XXX XXXXXXX in XXX X.S. are at higher XXXX XX Alzheimer’s disease, XXXXX the prevalence of XXXX factors such as XXX strongly XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX between age and XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX’s XXXXXXX. XXXX example XX a XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX population XXXXX is XXXXXX to persist in the X.S. XXXXXXX XXX U.S. is an aging society XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX to grow XXXXX, XXXXXXX provoking an XXXXXXXX in XXX incidence of XXXXXXXXX’s XXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX, African-Americans in the U.S. XXXX a higher XXXX of autoimmune diseases XXXX XX XXXXXXXX lupus XXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX (Cooper XX XX, 2003). This XXXXXXX of a vulnerable healthcare population XXXXX XX likely XX persist in XXX X.S. XXXX XXXXXXX of inherent genetic XXXXXXXXXXXX in African Americans that XXXX XXXX XXXX susceptible XX XXX XXXXX XX such XXXXXXXXXX diseases, XX well XX XXXXXX and economic disadvantages XXXX XXXX XXXXX segments of the XXXXXXX American population unable to XXXXXX the diagnostic services and XXXXXXXXXX support XXXXXX XX XXXX XXXX these diseases. XXX XXXXXXX, African Americans in XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX neighborhoods are often XXXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX a fairly late progression XXXXX of XXX XXXXXXX. Finally, LGBTQ XXXXXXXXXXX are XX XXXXXX XXXXX XX mental XXXXXX issues such XX depression, due to the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX and social discrimination XXXX XXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXX XXX in XXX XXXXXXXXX. This is likely XX persist, especially under the anti-LGBTQ XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX XXXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>Four XXXXXXXXX measures to deal with these issues XXX XX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX services, XXXXXXXX XXX supply XX specialist professionals XXXXXXX XX deal with XXXXX specific XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX the awareness XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX disparities and XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX and risk factors XX these diseases, XXX work to XXXXXX the XXXXXX perception of XXXXX diseases XX build a XXXX inclusive society that XXXX be more XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX health or XXXXXXXXX’s XXXXXXX. XX particular, XXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXXX XX diagnostic XXXXXXXX XXX early-onset autoimmune XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX Americans XXXX XXXXXX risk and XXXXXXXXX XX such XXXXXXX will XXXX XX identify patients early on, and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX options XX their needs. </p> <p> </p> <p>References </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXX, Glinda S., and Berrit X. XXXXXXXX. "XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XX autoimmune XXXXXXXX."<i>Autoimmunity XXXXXXX</i>2, XX. X (XXXX): XXX-XXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXX, Kenneth L., Richard X. XXXX, Deborah Marin, XXXXXXXX P. XXXXXXX, XXXXXX P. Perl, XXXXXXX Lantz, Gregory XXXXXX, and XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. "Cholinergic markers in elderly XXXXXXXX with early XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX disease."<i>Jama</i>281, XX. XX (1999): XXXX-XXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>Hafeez, Hudaisa, Muhammad Zeshan, XXXXXXXX A. XXXXX, Nusrat Jahan, and XXXXX Naveed. "XXXXXX XXXX disparities XXXXX XXXXXXX, gay, XXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX: a XXXXXXXXXX review."<i>Cureus</i>9, XX. X (2017). </p> <p> </p> <p>Tuokko, X., T. Hadjistavropoulos, X. X. Miller, XXX B. X. XXXXXXX. "XXX Clock Test: a sensitive XXXXXXX to differentiate XXXXXX XXXXXXX from those with Alzheimer XXXXXXX."<i>XXXXXXX of XXX XXXXXXXX Geriatrics Society</i>XX, XX. X (XXXX): 579-XXX. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>X) XXX would you XXXXXXXXXXXX the future needs in XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX? What XXXXXXX are being implemented to XXXX meet tomorrow’s XXXXXXXXXX XX you XXXX described XXXX? XXXX at XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX measures XXX already underway that XXXXX XX undertaken. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXX XXXXXX needs in the XXXXXXXXXX provider XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX age-XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX stress and XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX, as major XXXXXXXXXX markets such as the X.S. age, and XX these populations see the share XX XXXXXXX patients rise, XXX incidence XX XXXXXXXXXX that disproportionately affect the elderly, such XX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX's XXXXXXX XXX dementia, XXX also XXXXXX XX XXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX, the ageing populations in several XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XX XXX X.S. XXXX also lead XX a heavier burden in XXXXXXXXXX provision on the healthcare XXXXXXXX. XXX example, XXXXX-to-XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXX to XXXX as a XXXXXX XX an ageing population, XXXXX nurses XXXX, on XXXXXXX, more XXXXXXXX to XXXX after XXXX XXXXX predecessors. As a XXXXXX of the stresses imposed XX an ageing population XX the healthcare system, XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXX more XXXXXX in a bid XX XXXXXXXX XXX productivity XXX efficiency XX an increasingly XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXX among XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX to XXXX. XXXXXXX, XX populations of major XXXXXXX such XX XXX U.S. become XXXX XXXXXXX XX a result of XXXXXXXXXXX (XXXXX XXX talk XX a 'majority-minority' XXXXXXX that is set XX develop in the XX after 2020), XXX XXXXXXXXXX needs of the XXXXXXXXXX are likely XX change, given that XXX incidence of certain diseases is XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX with certain ethnicities XXX XXXXXXXX groups. Likewise, with growing acceptance XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXX LGBTQ XXXXXXXXXX segment is also XXX XX grow, with a XXXX XXX healthcare providers XX adapt to XXXXX specific healthcare XXXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXX XXX XXX XXX changes XX XXXXXX XXX above challenges that XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX providers XXXX face, three of XXXXX have been XXXXXXXXXXX previously, XXX three of XXXXX are XXXXXXXXXX novel. Foremost, XXXXXXXXXX providers are being XXXXXXXXXX to XXX technologies XXXX as XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX diagnosis, remote surgery XXXXXXX the use of XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX XX- powered diagnostics. XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXX hospitals such XX XX Sinai hospital, John Hopkins XXXXXXX XXXXXX Hospital and the Harvard Medical XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX providers are being introduced XX and XXXXXXX XX use such complex technologies XX boost their effectiveness XXX productivity. Secondly, healthcare providers are XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX the diverse healthcare needs XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX come from XXXX heterogeneous ethnic and XXXXXX backgrounds than XXXXXX. XXXX XXX being XXXXXXX XX XX more empathetic XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX to XXXXXX the XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX needs XXXXX by XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX being XXXXXXXXXX to XXX XXXXXX of healthcare that would allow them to more adequately XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XX elderly patients. This includes XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XX nursing XXXXX such XX the Green House XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX are given XXXX XXXX and XXXXXXXXX to XXXXXX themselves to close XXXX interaction and care XXXX their elderly XXXXXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXXX, XXXXX are three other areas XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXX not yet XXXXXXXX to XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX to XXXXXX XXX challenges XXXX will face in the XXXXXX. Foremost, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX not XXX given adequate compensation commensurate XXXX XXX XXXXXX amount of XXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX as the XXXXXXXXXX ages. XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXX healthcare providers, should XXXX XX revised. XX addition, healthcare providers XXXX XXX XXX been XXXXXXXX with XXX necessary XXXX XXXX XXXXX XX work, such XX counselling XXX therapy, needed XXX them XX cope with the stresses of their job XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, healthcare providers XXXX XX XX better XXXXXXXX across XXX board XX embrace and implement new XXXXXXXXXX technologies XXXX would XXXX them XXXX productive and reduce mundane XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX at work, in order XX leave them XX XXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXX tasks. This includes automation XX XXXXXX and administration paperwork. XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX across the world should hasten to implement such XXXXXXXX.<span></span> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXX: </p> <p> </p> <p>Eaton, XXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX Redmond, XXX Nigel Bax. "XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX professionals for the future: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and effective XXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX."<i>XXXXXXX teacher</i>33, no. 7 (2011): XXX-XXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXX, David X. "XXX XXXXXX vision XX XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX."<i>Simulation in XXXXXXXXXX</i>2, XX. 2 (2007): XXX-135. </p> <p> </p> <p>Musson, XXXXX M., and XXXXXX X. Helmreich. "Team XXXXXXXX XXX resource management in XXXXXX care: current XXXXXX XXX XXXXXX directions."<i>Harvard Health XXXXXX XXXXXX</i>5, XX. 1 (XXXX): 25-35. </p> <p> </p> <p>Sharkey, XXXXXXX S., XXXXXX Hudak, Susan X. Horn, XXXXXX James, XXX Jessie Howes. "Frontline XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX: a comparison study XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX homes and the XXXXX house project XXXXX."<i>Journal of XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX Society</i>59, XX. X (XXXX): 126-XXX. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p></p><ul><li>Compare XXX XXXXXXXX the X.S. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXX in XXX U.K. XXX separately to that in XXXXXXX. What XXXXXXXX are XXXXXXXXXX in XXXX? Which aspects XX each XXXX it XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX to criticism? XXXXX characteristics are most likely to XX more XXXXXX and why? Less XXXXXX XXX why? If you were able to XXXXXX XXX XXXXX aspect of the X.S. healthcare system, what would it be and why? How XXXXX you XXXXX with policymakers and XXX XXXXXX XX support XXXX change? </li><li></li></ul><p><span></span> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXX XXX U.S. XXX U.X. healthcare XXXXXXX, it XXX XX XXXXXXXX that the XX XXXXXXXX XX a private sector system, with larger degree of XXX-XXXXXX hospitals and non-profits or charity XXXXXXXXX, XXXXX the XX XXXXXXXX XX a public sector XXXXXX, with a larger degree XX public hospitals. There is a larger XXXXX of XXXXXXX spending in the US than in XXX UK. Both XXXXXXX face XXXX XXXX overruns, with the NHS slightly XXXX severe, given XXX XXXXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXX XXX XXX higher reliance XX XXXXX XXXXXXX in the XX. Furthermore, for XXX US healthcare XXXXXX, XXXXX is XXXX responsiveness XXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, while XXX UK XXXXXX faces low XXXXXXXXXXXXXX due XX a system where XXXXXX far outstrips supply. Both systems have globally XXXXXXX healthcare XXXXXXXX, with XXX rates XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX high rates of patient recovery XXX XXXXXXX satisfaction. Finally, XXX the XX healthcare system, the system is generally regarded XX less XXXX XXXXXXX it relies XX XXXXXXX XXXX-based XXXXXXXXX financing which XXXX XXXXXX afford, while XXX UK is generally regarded as XXXX fair XXX to XXX of national tax funded NHS system, which XXXXXX a XXXXX scope XX coverage for XX XXXXXXXX. <span></span> </p> <p> </p> <p>Comparing XXX XX XXX XXXXXX healthcare XXXXXXX, it XX clear XXXX the XX XX a XXXX cost system XXXXX XXXXXXX is a low cost system. XXX US XXXXXXXXXX system XXXX generally faces lower levels XX regulation XXXX the Germany XXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX, the US uses a free-XXXXXX approach XX the XXXXXXXXX XX pharmaceutical drugs, while Germany uses a XXXXX regulated XXXXXXXX to XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX drugs. XXX US is XXXXXXXXXX on XXXXXXXXXX responsibility, XXXXX XXX Germany, the healthcare system is principled XX XXXXXXXXXX, originating in ‘XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX’ XX XXX 19<sup>th</sup> XXXXXXX. There XX a lower range XX XXXXXXXX, while in Germany, there XX a higher range of coverage XX all XXXXXXXX, through XXX use XX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXX as sickness funds. Finally, both healthcare systems are similar in XXXX coverage XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX a XXXX XXXXXX of fairly small XXX independent XXXXX, XXX that governments in XXX X.S. and Germany XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX coverage for key segments such XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX that XXXX the UK XXXXXX more XXXXXX XXXX the XX and XXXXXX systems XXX its wider coverage, state-XXXXXX system and inefficient XXX XX resources. If one XXXXXX of the X.S. healthcare XXXXXX should XX XXXXXXX, it XXXXX XX the XXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX on XXXX XXXXXX, XXXXX, if implemented, XXXXX XXXXX for more affordable XXXXX for XX patients, XXX would streamline XXXXX in XXX cost-XXXXXXXX US healthcare system on the whole. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p> </p> <p>Bolnick, XXXXXX J. "XXXXXXXXX a XXXXX-class XXXXXX XXXX system."<i>XXXXX XXXXXXXX Actuarial XXXXXXX</i>X, no. X (2003): X-XX. </p> <p> </p> <p>Cheah, Eng Tuck, Wen XX Chan, and Corinne Lin Lin XXXXXX. "XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX product recalls: XX XXXXXXXXX examination of XX XXX UK XXXXXXX."<i>XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXX XXXXXX</i>XX, XX. X (XXXX): XXX-449. </p> <p> </p> <p>Hagist, Christian, XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX.<i>Who's XXXXX XXXXX? comparing growth in XXXXXXXXXX costs in XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX</i>. No. w11833. XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX Economic Research, 2005. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXX, XXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX Ridic. "XXXXXXXXXXX XX health XXXX systems in XXX XXXXXX States, XXXXXXX and XXXXXX."<i>Materia socio-XXXXXX</i>XX, XX. X (2012): XXX. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>X) XXXXXXX what XX XXXXXX XXXXXX and how it XX XXXX. XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX features XX U.S. XXXXXX XXXXXX. XXXX three XXXXXXXX of XXX impact of presidential leadership XX XXXXXX XXXXXX in XXX X.S. Explain XXX XXXXX XX how XXXXXXXX are XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX Congressional XXXXXXXXXXX. What is XXX XXXXXXX online means XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX regulations and policy? XX in XXX case of XXX Affordable XXXX XXX, how XXXXX the final outcome of XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX be shaped? </p> <p> </p> <p>Health policy refers XX the XXXXXXXX that govern the XXXXXXXXX, financing XXX XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX in the X.S. The XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX U.S. health XXXXXX system are XXXX XXXXX XX XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXX it XX technology-driven XXX XXXX leading XXXXXXXXXXXX such XX XX and cloud XXXXXXXXX, that it XX high XXXX and inequitable in coverage, that it XXXXXXXX state XXXXXXXXX channeled to XXX public sector, XXXX it involves competing interests XXXXXXX different stakeholders, that it XXXXXXXX XXX roles XX XXX XXXXX and the XXXXXX, XXX that XXXXXX is primarily XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX coverage. </p> <p> </p> <p>Presidential leadership XX important to the XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX direction of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XX XXXXX XX how Presidents XXXXXX B Johnson XXX Barack XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX subsidize, XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX reduce costs in XXX U.S. healthcare system XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX XXX Affordable Care XXX programs, XXXXX XXX current President XXXXXX Trump has moved XX limit XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, streamline costs and XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX healthcare insurance coverage. XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX leadership, XX XXXXXX XXX type, XXX XXXXXXXXX been XXXXXX to push through comprehensive health policy reform in XXX U.S. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXXXX are formulated XXX XXXXXXXXXXX typically XXXXXX XXXXXXX the Senate or XXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, although both houses of XXXXXXXX need to agree to legislation and pass it XXXX a legal XXXXXXXX, XXXXXX it XX sent to XXX XXXXXXXXX XXX ratification. XXX judicial XXXXXX are also able XX XXXXXX XXXX healthcare legislation if XXXX legislation XX deemed to XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXX structure of XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX means XXXX any party within XXX XXXXXXXX government XX XXXXXXX of obstructing XXX passage XX healthcare policy. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXX XXXXXXX means XX communicating XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX policy are XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX such as the New XXXX Times XXX XXX XXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX use XX press XXXXXXXX and XXXXX releases published in XXXX outlets online. </p> <p> </p> <p>In the case of the Affordable Care Act, XXX final XXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX is XXXXXXXXX shaped in large XXXX by the assent or dissent XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX representatives in the XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXX XXXXXX, XX XXXX XX possible XXXXXXXXXX in the Supreme Court. XXX example, the XXXXX-XXXX TEA Party caucus mounted XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX in XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXX of legislation XXX XXXXXXX, to a large XXXXXX, XXX final XXXXXXX of new legislation. </p> <p> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXX: </p> <p> </p> <p>Patel, Kant, XXX XXXX E. Rushefsky. "XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX policy in XXXXXXX."<i>Public XXXXXXXXX</i>17, XX. X (XXXX): 94-96. </p> <p> </p> <p>Singh, XXXXXXX X.<i>XXXXXXXXXX XX the XX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX</i>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2015. </p> <p> </p>">
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