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Extra Credit Week 7</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Essentials of Comparative Politics, 6ed, Patrick H. O’Neil</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Chapter 7: Political Violence</span></p> <p><span class="s1"> Learning objectives</span></p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Define political violence</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Identify reasons for political violence</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Be well versed in different explanations for political violence</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Understand the features of different forms of political violence</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Understand the means and ends of terrorism and revolution</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Identify the links between political violence and religion</span></li> <li><span class="s1">List methods to counter political violence</span></li> </ol> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Defining Political Violence?</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Political violence refers to politically motivated violence that occurs outside of state control, consisting of actions carried out by nonstate actors</span></li> <li><span class="s1">It is part of the broader category of ‘contentious politics’, which includes revolutions, civil war, riots and strikes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Why Political Violence?</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Political violence may arise due to:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1" <institutional="" explanations:="" existing="" institutions="" may="" encourage="" violence="" or="" constrain="" human="" action,="" creating="" a="" violent="" backlash="" (ie.="" presidentialism).="">span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Some institutions create violence by excluding, marginalizing, and polarizing populations, while some institutions reduce violence by promoting inclusion. For example, Presidentialism may increase violence, while in Nigeria, there are institutional conflicts over oil and presidential rule</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Ideational explanations: ideas may justify or promote the use of violence (ie. some forms of religious fundamentalism, nationalism)</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Ideas set out a worldview, diagnose problems, provide resolutions, and describe the means for achieving goals. Any of these things can inspire people to violence. For example, fundamentalism and nationalism can inspire violence against out-groups, while ISIS’s involvement in the Syrian Civil War can also be explained through ideational explanations.</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Individual explanations: Psychological or strategic factors may lead people to carry out violence (ie. humiliation, alienation).</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Individual experiences drive people to violence, with rational actors believing that violence is a strategy to achieve goals. For example, in Tunisia in 2010, economics and feelings of humiliation motivate Bouazizi’s self-immolation.</span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Comparing Explanations of Political Violence</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Institutional, Ideational and Individual explanations exist on a spectrum from determinism to free will, and from particularistic to universal.</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXX: Public XXXXXXX XX the state in order XX overturn XXX existing XXXXXXXXXX XXX regime</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX involve XXXX XXXXXXX of public XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX the goal XX to gain XXXXXXX XX the state, and XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX, XXX not XXXXXX, violent.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">A XXXXXXXXXX is <i>XXX </i>a XXXX d’XXXX, where elites remove a XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX it XXXX a new one, like in XXXXX, XXXX; XXXX, 2012, a XXXXXXXXXX transition, where XXXXXXX of one regime plan a transition XX a XXX system, such as XXXXX in XXXX XXX South Africa, 1994, or a XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, where XXX group XXXXX XXXXX control or independence, XXXX South XXXXX, 2011.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Causes include:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Relative XXXXXXXXXXX model, where XXXXXXXX growth XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX resentment, XXXX in Iran, 1979; XXXXX, 2011. However, this XXXXX XXX poor predictability XX revolutions.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Institutional XXXXXXXXXX: XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX opening XXX dissent, XXXX in XXXXXX, 1789; XXXXXXX Europe, 1989. However, XXXX explanation neglects the role XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXX: Use of XXXXXXXX XX nonstate actors against civilians in order XX XXXXXXX a political goal</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX framework (XXX 7.X) classifies terrorism as political XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX actors and XXXXXXXXX civilians. State-sponsored terrorism, however, may be conducted XX XXX XXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXX is chiefly carried out by XXXXXXXX XXXXXX (with state-sponsored XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX out through XXXXXXX), XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and has a XXXXXXXXX XXXX or XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Terrorism XX <i>XXX </i>ordinary or “random” violence (XXXX is crime), nonstate XXXXXX targeting a state (guerrilla war), or a state XXXXXXXXX XXXXX own XXXXXXXXX (human XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX) or XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXX state (XXX crimes).</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Incidents XX terrorism worldwide have been on the rise 1970 XX 2015, XXX have spiked from XXXX to 2015.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Individual explanations XXX XXXXXXXXX include:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Feelings of XXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX generate grievances, frustrations, XXX desire XXX vengeance</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Social benefits XX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX as a XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX or XXXXX solidarity</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Ideational XXXXXXXXXXXX for XXXXXXXXX include:<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX religious XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX: Belief that all institutions XXX values are XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX that the only XXXXXXXXX value is violence</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Alternative: XXXXX XXX a XXXXXXXXXXXXX, not a XXXXX, of XXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Institutional explanations XXX terrorism XXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Economic: poverty, XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX (XXXXXXXX XXXXX explanations have mixed XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX)</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXX XX more common XXXX state capacity XXX autonomy are XXXX, or when XXXXXXXXXX XXX public XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX poorly XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX: Means and XXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX to regime XXXXXX XX it XX XXXXXXXXXX (XXXX effective), XXX XXXXXXXXXX public XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX, peaceful XXXXXXXX that XXX more XXXXXX XX XXXXX democracy.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Typical XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX government, increased XXXXXXXX (XXXX indiscriminate violence, higher likelihood or interstate war)</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Terrorists XXXXXX achieve XXXXX policy goals, XXX XXXX XXXXXX in XXXXX such XX XXX XXXXXXX ( XXXXXXXXX such XXXXXX as tourism, foreign XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXX XXXXXXX), XXXXXXX (increases XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX) and politics (erodes XXXXX legitimacy, destabilizes XXXXXXXX). It XXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Political XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">All religions XXXX XXXXXXXXXX:<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXX: XX Qaeda and XXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXX XXXXXX (XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX), inspired XXXXXXX McVeigh (1995 XXX bombing)</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Buddhism: Ashin XXXXXXX XXX the 969 XXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Religion can be XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX violence due XX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX to modernity</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Belief in “cosmic XXX”, XXXX XXXXX of the modern XXXXX as XXXXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXXX believers</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Messianic, apocalyptic, or XXXXXXX belief</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXX XX Counter Political XXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Counter-terrorism in democracies XXXX encompassed the dilemma of freedom vs XXXXXXXX, with the X.S. Patriot Act XXX UK XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXX: XXX eliminate immediate XXXXXX, but lead XX more<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"> </span>XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Case XXXXX: XXX Lanka XXX ongoing XXXXXXXX XXXX 1983–2009, with Tamil Tigers represented an XXXXXX minority XXXXX XXX Sri XXXXXX nondemocracy, and XXXX significant discrimination against Tamil XXXXXXXX. XX XXXX, the XXXXXXXXXX launched a broad XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, with results of leadership XXXXXX, organization XXXXXXXXX, government XXXXXXXXX massive war crimes XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX of XXX XXXXXX democracy</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Case XXXXX: XXXXX went from XXXXXXXX to civil war, with government responding XX force, XXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXX Army XXXX XXXXXXXX defectors. Results XXXXXXX a deadly war, XXXX 400,XXX dead, a XXXXXXX refugee crisis, XXXXXX XXXXX, radicalization and XXXXXX XX terrorism.</span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Reform: XXX XXXXXXX XXXX demands, XXX can encourage more demands XXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">North XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX between Irish XXXXXXXXXX Army (XXX), XXXXXXXXXX militias, and British XXXXXXXXXX. IRA claimed XX represent Catholic Minority. Reform XXX XX power sharing, political XXXXXXX to XXXXXX XXX security, and XXXXXXXX and XXXXXX support XX communities. Results XXXXXXX XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXX and support XXX militant XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, but unemployment XXX sectarian XXXXXXXX have continued.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Conclusion: XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX Violence</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXX, ideas, and XXXXXXXXXX characteristics XXX XXXXXXX political XXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Revolution and XXXXXXXXX are XXX distinct XXX XXXXXXX forms of political XXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Political violence seldom achieves <i>XXXXXXXXXX</i> regime XXXXXX, but it XXXX significantly impact the XXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Under certain XXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXX religious belief can XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX violence.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">In XXXXXXXXXX to political XXXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX using XXXXXXXXXX or reform. For democracies, counterterrorism policies may XXXXXXX a XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX security XXX XXXXXXX. <span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">XXXXX XXXXXX Week X</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXX XX Comparative XXXXXXXX, 6ed, XXXXXXX X. O’XXXX</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXX XX: XXXXXXXXXX Countries</span></p> <p><span class="XX"> Learning objectives</span></p> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Define freedom XXX equality in XXX development XXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXX the nature XXX XXXXXXX XX Imperialism XXX Colonialism</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX XXX Institutions of XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX of XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX for XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">List XXX XXXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Notes</span></p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Freedom and XXXXXXXX in XXX Developing XXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX from notions XX XXX Third Cold (Cold War era) and XXXXXX XXXXX (XXXXX XXXXXXX, SEA, XXXXXX) XX XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX countries</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXX income countries XXX between $X,XXX and $XX,000 XXX XXXXXX GDP, historically XXXX developed, XXX have seen recent and XXXXX rapid XXXXXX. XXXX XXXX comparable to XXXXXXXXX democracies</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Lower income XXXXXXXXX XXXX less XXXX $4,XXX per XXXXXX GDP, with XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX or declining XXXXXX in recent XXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXXX XXX Colonialism</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Empires are a single political XXXXXXXXX with a large XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX or territories XXX XXXXXXXXX peoples under XXX sovereignty<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Imperialism XXXXXX XX a system in XXXXX a state extends XXX power XXXXXX its borders to directly control XXXXXXXXX, resources, and XXXXXX. Dominated XX European powers (1500s XX XXXXX), imperialism is driven XX XXXXXXXX, strategic, XXX cultural/XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Imperialism XXXXX led to XXXXXXXXXXX, the XXXXXXXX occupation XX XXXXXXX territories</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX led to new XXX XXXXXXXXXX borders (XXX XXXXXXX, Nigeria has XXX+ ethnic XXXXXX), XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX (XXXXX the XXXXXXXX XXXXX), police and military, XXXXXXXX, XXXXX systems XXX XXXXXX goods: roads, XXXXXXX, XXX hospitals, often with consequences that XXXX XXXX XXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX identities XXXX created in new XXXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXX power structures XXXXXXX certain XXXXXX (such as XXX XXXX XXX XXXXX in Rwanda), which would provide XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXX roles: Imperial gender XXXXX were imposed on XXXXXXXX, with XXXXX impact; depending on XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX power</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XX XXXXXXXXX development, cash-based economies, mercantilist political economies (where colonies produced XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX, finished XXXXX sold XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXX had little XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXX with XXXXXX on trade XXXX rival XXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX controlling economies). Urbanization XXX infrastructure expansion did, however, occur under XXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX XXXXXXXXXX of Post-Imperialism</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Post XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXX functioning institutions</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Build state capacity and autonomy</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX growth</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX and autonomy<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX XX the state to carry out XXXXX XXXXX: XXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXX, making and XXXXXXXXX XXXXX, XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX, building infrastructure; XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX lacked XXXXXXXX because of XXX absence of a professional XXXXXXXXXX (XXXXXXXX power vacuum after decolonization), XX XXXX XX XXX politicization of XXXXXXXXXXX (clientelism, rent seeking, corruption)</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XX XXXXX its power XXXXXXXXXXXXX of the public</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Colonies XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX; XXXXXXXXXXX ‘XXXX XX XXXXX’, where in XXXXX: Nigerian XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX $1 billion, XXX in XXXX: XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX $1 XXXXXXX in assets XXXXXX by XXXXXX XXXXX to Malaysian prime minister</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">International pressures also applied, XXXXX XXXX powerful state XXX international XXXXXX shape state’s decisions.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Problems XX XXXX XXXXXXXX and autonomy include:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Increased criminality and XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Greater XXXXX and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XX disasters XXX XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX of XXXXXXXXXX legitimacy</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">May lead XX XXXXXXX political XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXX are frequently XXXXXXXXXX XX create XXXXXXX and citizens:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXX of XXXXXX/XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX include inequality in XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX one group over others, clientelism and patrimonialism (which increases ethnic XXXXXXXXXXX)</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Examples include, XXXXX XXXX in Shia-majority Iraq XXXXX XXXXXX Hussein, XXXXXXX monopolization XX XXXXX in XXXXX, XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX of black XXXXXXX population in Sudan</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX rights XXX another example, with XXX XXXXXXXX including laws that favor male ownership XXX XXXX XXXXX access to XXXX or capital, XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX (men fear XXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX). Nicaragua XX an example where land XXX reforms XXXXXXXXX in 1980s, local XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX difficult, with consequences XX “asset violence” and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Gendercide is another XXX XXXXX in XXXXXX colonies, with causes XXXXXXXXX poverty and economics XXX laws that favor XXXX XXXXXXXXX (XXXX XX XXX dowry XXXXXXXXX, where XXXXX XXX viewed as an economic XXXXXX). XXXXXXXXXXXX include sex-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX; XXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXX, less XXXXXXXXXX (such XX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX) in daughters, and higher XXXX of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX and crime? XXX XXXXXXX, there are 40 XXXXXXX missing XXXXX in India; 60 XXXXXXX in XXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Imperialism was traditionally premised on unsustainable XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX commodity production, which XXX XX XXXXXX finished XXXXX, creating XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and debt.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Neocolonialism, XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, was the form XX XXXXXXXXXXX in which XXXXXXXX countries XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXX-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXX Development</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX" <XXXXX="" XXXXXXXXXX="" to="" XXXXXXX="" XXXXXX="" include:="">span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"&XX;</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Import substitution: XXXXXX XXXXXXX to develop XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX policies XXXXXXXX restricting imports, raising XXXXXX and nontariff XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX receiving government XXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (XXXXXXXXX XXXXX-owned), and XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX of patents and intellectual XXXXXXXX rights</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX fact that XXXXXXXXX firms XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, because the XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX. XX XXX XXXX XXXXXX XX import capital XXX goods; XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX corruption , and contributes XX economic XXXXXXXXXX or a XXXXXX income trap</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXX-XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXX capital in firms that will XXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">This XXX XXXXXXX by XXXX, XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX including XXXXXXXXXXXX on the XXXXXXX life XXXXX, with competitive industries XXXXXXXXX government XXXXXXXXX or XXXXXX parastatal (XXXXXXXXX XXXXX-XXXXX ie. XXXXX Korea’s <i>Chaebols), and XXXXXXXX </i>special XXXXXXXX XXXXX (SEZs) to lure foreign investment (XXXXX’s six zones, XXXXXXXXX Shenzhen XXX Zhuhai in XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX)</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXX were to achieve short-term growth XXX sacrifice XXXX-XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Development XXXX leads XX outsourcing, XXXXXXXX required XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX functioning, consumer markets XXXXXX XXXXXX, XXX XXX economy became more XXXXXXXXX for governments to XXXXXXX over time (XXXXXXX: XXXX Asian Financial XXXXXX). It also XXX XX a rise in corruption.</span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <ol> <ol> <li></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Structural XXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXX forces</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Also XXXXX as neoliberalism or XXX Washington XXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXX XXXXXXX by World Bank, XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Fund (XXX), XXX United XXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX policies XXXXXXXX:</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXXX of state-XXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Deregulation and reducing size of governance</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Removing XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXX barriers</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Balancing XXXXXXX and XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX of currencies</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXX XXXXXXXXX results, XXXXX it XXXXXXXXX political XXXXXXXXXXX (IMF riots in XXXXX, 1977; XXXXXX XXXXX, XXXX–-XXXX),<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-space"> </span>undermined growth and recovery, and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX cuts XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX capital</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Microeconomic solutions include XXXXXXXX economy, SME XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXX XX lttle XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX it XXXXX, and XXX create cycles XX XXXX.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">In XXX: The XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX include XXXX XXXXXX and XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXX there XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX between XXXXX countries, many XXXXX a common legacy XX XXXXXXXX XXXX. Imperialism has XXXXXX these XXXXXXXXX’ XXXXXXXXX, social, and economic XXXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX; XXXXX political challenges undermine economic and social XXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Regarding XXXXXX cohesion, XXXX developing countries XXXXXXXX XXXX ethnic or XXXXXXXXX divides. XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX is XXXX a XXXXX problem, with XXXXXXXXX long-term risks if XXXX unaddressed.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Many XXXXXXXXX policies exist to XXXXXXX economic XXXXXX, XXXX with XXXXX own advantages and XXXXXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol>">
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