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</span> </p> <p><span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>1.<span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>What has given rise to the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products/drugs/practice protocols? What segments of the population are more vulnerable than others to ethical violations? What protections are in place to serve as safeguards? What changes in policy – either government or corporate or both – legislation, and/or public education are still needed to protect the rights of individuals?</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Several issues related to controversies surrounding abortion, stem cell research, euthanasia and unethical drug trials have arisen in recent years, pitting interest groups such as religious institutions and research bodies against each other. Clearly, bioethics is a critical issue that links these disparate controversies, as these issues are all bioethical problems that affect certain population segments, and require adequate protections to ensure that these segments are not harmed. This essay will discuss the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products, drugs and practice protocols in the light of <em>greater competition, public accountability, technological advances, experimentation and fiduciary duties.</em> This essay will then discuss the segments of the population that are more vulnerable than others to ethical violations, which include <em>minorities, lower income and lower-educated segments, rare disease sufferers and individuals in developing countries.</em> This essay will also cover the protections that are in place to serve as safeguards, in terms of <em>regulation, democratic deliberation, public-private partnerships, non-governmental organisation campaigns and media exposes. </em>Finally, this essay will discuss how further changes in legislation, public education and policy ( in terms of corporate and government policy) are necessary to improve the state of bioethics.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1"><strong>Reasons for the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products, drugs and practice protocols</strong></span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Bioethics is important because it forms the ethical basis for several medical and healthcare treatments, and outlines the principles for which new treatments should be evaluated and administered, bearing in mind their ethical implications and potential benefits or harms to their recipients. There are several reasons for the need for bioethics in the development and testing of new products, drugs and practice protocols. These are linked to <em>greater competition in the healthcare and biopharmaceutical sector, calls for greater public accountability in medical products, technological advances and fiduciary duties.</em></span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Foremost, greater competition in the healthcare and biopharmaceutical sector has led to several companies cutting corners in compliance, testing, research and development. In an increasingly crowded healthcare and biopharmaceutical market, several companies have been unable to devote sufficient talent, resources and funding to properly research, pilot and validate their products before entering the drug trial phase.(Carr, 2003) As a result of pressure from competitors to roll out blockbuster drugs, and pressure from investors and shareholders to deliver predictable and steady profit margins, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly relying on unethical procedures to get their drugs on the market. These include the use of unreliable prototype drugs in drug trials.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Another important issue has been the use of counterfeit ingredients as a result of greater competitive pressure in the healthcare and biopharmaceutical sector. For example, in 2007, people from Panama were pXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, a XXXXXXXX frequently XXXX XX manufacture XXXXX fluid and anti-freezing XXXXXXXXX.(XXXXXXXXX and Hooker, XXXX) XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX contamination was XXXXX in Nigeria in 2009.(</span></p><p><span class="s1">Orisakwe, O. E., & XXXXX, J. K. (2009). XXXX and cadmium XXXXXX XX commonly XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX syrups in Nigeria: a XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX?. XXXXXXX XX the XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX(23), 5993-XXXX.</span></p><p><span class="s1">, XXXX) A large XXXX of XXX issue was fuelled XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX certification on XXX part of the pharmaceutical producers, which came XXXXX XXXXXXX their attempts XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX in XXX face XX increased XXXXXXXXXXX.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX">(Miller, XXXX)</span></span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Next, calls for greater public XXXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXX products XXXX led XX XXXXXXX biomedical XXXXXX. (XXXXX, XXXX) XXX XXXXXXXXX XX this issue XXXXXXX to XXX need XX XXXXXX that product XXXXXXXXX are XXX, XXX XXXX these XXXXXXXX XX not inherently XXXX consumers. For example, in 1938, XXX sulfanilamide XXXXXXXXXX XXX mixed XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX as an XXXXXX drug, which led to over a XXXXXXX deaths.( In a XXXXXXXX, more XXXXXX case, XXX FDA XXXXX XXXX samples XX XXX XXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX was XXXXXXXXXXXX in China, was XXXXXXXXXXXX by XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX linked XX XXXXXX 90 XXXXXX XXX 800 XXXXXXXX.(XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX, XXXX) XXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX safety XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, and warrant XXXXXXX bioethical examination.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXX, another XXXXXXXXX of XXX call for XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX concerns public oversight XXXX XXXXXXXXXX such XX organ donations, XXXXXXXXXX, stem cell research XXX genetically modified organisms. XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX technologies has led XXXXXXX segments XX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX over the XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX these XXXXXXXXXXXX, and XX XXXX the use XX these technologies publicly XXXXXXXXXXX. For XXXXXXX, the organ XXXXXXXX XXXXXX has XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XX doctors XXXX found new ways XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX previously XXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX.(Danovitch et al, 2013) This XXX XXX XX the XXXXXXXXXXXXX of a black market XXX XXXXX sales, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX illicit XXXXX XXXX XX criminal syndicates XXX XXX XXXX XXX.(XXXXX, XXXX) XX XXX XXXXXX XXXXX, XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, or XXXXXXXXXXX in poverty, have XXXXXXXXX been XXXXXXX by monetary XXXXXXXXXX and fraudulent XXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXX monetary XXXXXXXXXXXX, such that these XXXXXX may XX transplanted to XXXXXXXX in higher XXXXXX XXXXXXXX in XXX global XXXXX. (XXXXXXXXX XX XX, 2013) This development has XXXXXXX a vigorous XXXXXX on bioethics, and on XXXXXXX it is morally XXXXXXXXXX XXX a XXXXXX XX XXXXXX an organ XXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX from a donor, or XXXXXXX healthcare practitioners are morally XXXXXXX to decline performing an XXXXXXXXX on an organ that has XXXX XXXXXXXXX obtained.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">In XXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXXXXX in stem cell XXXXXXXX XXX led XX XXXXX for greater public XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX groups such as XXXXXXXX XXX evangelical Christians, who XXXXXXXX these XXXXXXXXXXXX to XX akin to ‘XXXXXXX XXX’ and a deep XXXXXXX XX XXXXX religious beliefs. XX a result, XXXX have XXXXXX XXX greater XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and accountability of these technologies. XXXXXXX, in the area of genetically modified XXXXXXXXX (XXXX), several consumers have called for XXXXXXX public accountability and transparency over XXX XXX XX XXXX in XXX global XXXX supply XXXXX, and a closer examination XX XXX impact of XXXXX XXXXX organisms XX the ecosystem, XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX health. (Idris XX al, 2013)</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">X XXX factor XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX need for XXXXXXXXX in XXX development XXX testing of new products, XXXXX and practice XXXXXXXXX has also XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX advances in medical products, drugs XXX XXXXXXXXXX delivery in recent years. Several XXXXXXX XXX, technologies XXXX as stem cell therapy, vaccination and organ XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX have been unimaginable. However, XXXXXXXX in XXX technological XXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX procedures have XXXX led to XXX XXXXXXXX of a host XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXX, XXX safety XXX XXXXXXX rate XX XXXXXXX XX these treatments XX XXXXX uncertain. One relatively recent case in XXXX involves a paper published XX the British XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX Wakefield, who claimed that XXX MMR vaccine’s administration was XXXXXX XX the XXXXX of developmental disorders in children. This led to a XXXXXX XXXXXX scandal, as healthcare practitioners and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX weighed the benefits XX vaccinating children from XXXXXXX, rubella XXX mumps, XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX development of XXXXXX and XXXX in XXXXX young patients. (Flaherty, XXXX) XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX was revealed by an XXXXXXXXXXX journalistic XXXXXXXXXXXXX to XXXX XXXXXXXXXX evidence, which opened XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX the XXXXXX XX XXXXX that XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXX their work XX XXX XXXXXXX or biased XX poor evidence or conflicts of XXXXXXXX. (Flaherty, XXXX) In the XXXX light, XXX rapid XXXXXX of XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXX cell therapy market XXX XXXX led XX public bioethics debates XXXX the XXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX of these XXXXXXXXX.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXX major XXXXX XXXX XXX led to XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX has been XXX XXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXX, pharmaceutical companies XXX XXXXXXXXXX practitioners XXXX have XX XXXXXXXX and develop XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX in conjunction XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXXXXX inherent XXXXX. However, these XXXXXXXXXXX may XXX deliver XXX promised treatment XX their XXXXXXXX, or worse XXXXX, XXX XXX up harming the patients XXXXXXXX in XXXX clinical trials. In the XXXX infamous XXXXXXX to date, the XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX at XXX XXXX, XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX an XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX, Trovan, XX children in the XXXX state, Nigeria in XXXX who XXXX suffering XXXX meningitis, in place XX XXX standard ceftriaxone XXXXXXXXX. (Nwabueze, XXXX) XXXXX both XXXXXXXXXX inevitably XXXXXXXX patients who XXXX, XXXXXX was later XXXXXXX of faking XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX administering the XXXXXXXXXXXX treatment on XXX children in XXX test XXXXX without consent. (XXXXXX, 2009) Pfizer was XXXX accused of XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX in children in XXX XXXXXXXXX group, XXXXX the experimental Trovan may XXXX led to XXXXXXXXXX side effects. (XXXXXXXX, XXXX) The case XXX XXXXXX XXXX as a XXXXX XXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX of scientific experimentation, XXX Pfizer XXX to XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX to XXX XXXXXXX XXX continues XX face criminal prosecution by XXX Nigerian authorities. (Jegede, XXXX) Similar XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX experiments involving XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, electroshock XXXXXXX, hypnosis XXX LSD treatments, XXXXX have XXX XX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX patients XXX received XXXX XXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX practitioners have a XXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXX XXX their patients XXX do XX XXXX. However, XXXXXXX XXXXXXX treatments, such as abortion XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, assisted XXXXXXX, the XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX ventilation, and XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, may XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXX cause harm. XX XXX case XX abortion, the XXXXXXX XX abortion contend XXXX the XXXXXX XX a XXXXX life XX a violation XX a healthcare practitioner’s XXXXXXXXX duty to do XX XXXX. XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, even for a XXXXXXX XXX XX in XXXXX XXXX or XXX XXX voluntarily and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX to XXXX ‘treatments’, may be a XXXXXXXXX of a XXXXXXXXX’s oath to do no harm to their patients, as XXX lethal XXXXXXXXX administered XXXXXXX such treatments XXXXXXXXXX kills the patient at XXXX. XXXXXXXX, the termination XX mechanical ventilation XXX XXXX support, while it does XXX XXXX directly, XXXXX to the XXXXXX of a life, which XXXXXXX have suggested XX tantamount XX XXXXXXXXXXXX.(XXXXXX et XX, XXXX) XXXX has led XX a major bioethics debate over XXX responsibilities XXX XXXXX of a XXXXXXXXX’s XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, and whether a XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX is obliged to XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX their XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXXX life.<span class="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"><XXXXXX>XXXXXXXX XX the population XXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XX ethical XXXXXXXXXX</XXXXXX></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">There are specific XXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX that frequently XXXXX in XXX media XX XXX victims XX these bioethics scandals. XXX segments of the population XXXX are XXXX XXXXXXXXXX than XXXXXX XX ethical XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, lower XXXXXX XXX lower-educated segments, XXXX disease sufferers XXX individuals in XXXXXXXXXX countries. Foremost, minorities in XXXXXXX countries, both developed and developing, are more vulnerable to ethical XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXX typically XXXX informed about their XXXXX rights.(Moore, XXXX) XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX may XXXXX XXX XXXX in their XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXX XX XX unaware of their XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX when it comes to XXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXXXXXXX medical treatments, euthanasia, XXXX cell therapy or GMO XXXXXXXX. XX a XXXXXX of their XXXX of XXXXXXXXX over XXX XXXXXXXXX harms and ethical implications XX these products, XXXXXXXXXX are XXXXX unwitting victims of XXXXX treatments.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX, lower XXXXXX and XXXXX educated segments are also XXXX vulnerable to ethical violations. XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX the implications and risks of XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX such as genetically XXXXXXXX organisms, stem cell XXXXXXX and drug XXXXXX. They are also XXXXX unable to pay XXX ‘XXXX XXXXXXXX’ treatments, XXX may opt for XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX alternatives XXX XX a lack XX financial ability XX pay XXX XXXXXXX treatments. As a XXXXXX, XXXXX lower income and XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXXX XXX fall XXXX to XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX trials or XXXXX products XXXX XXX XXXX XXXXX or ethical problems, which XXXX may XXX be XXXXX of.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX" <XXXXXXX,="" rare="" and="" XXXXXXXXX="" XXXXXXX="" XXXXXXXXX="" XXX="" often="" XXX="" target="" of="" experimental="" XXXX="" XXXXXX="" XXXX="" XXXXXXXXXXXXXX="" XXXXXXXXX="" XXXX="" aggressively,="" even="" in="" face="" potential="" XXXXXXX="" violations.="" XXXXXXXXXXX="" suffering="" from="" forms="" XXXXXX,="" allergic="" diseases,="" XXXXXXXXXXX–XXXXX="" XXXXXXX,="" XXX-XXXX,="" XXXXX="" hepatitis="" b="" may="" consider="" XXXXX="" condition="" XXXXXXXX,="" XX="" there="" exist="" XX="" known="" XXXXX=""></span></p> <p>XXXXXXX, rare and uncurable disease sufferers are often XXX XXXXXX of experimental drug trials XXXX pharmaceutical XXXXXXXXX push XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX in the face XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX violations. (XXXXX, 2010) Individuals XXXXXXXXX from rare forms XX XXXXXX, allergic diseases, XXXXXXXXXXX–Jakob XXXXXXX, HIV-XXXX, Ebola XXX XXXXXXXXX X XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XX there XXXXX no XXXXX XXXXX for XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX. In the XXXX of a lack XX treatment options and a XXXX of time remaining XX XXXXX the XXXXXXX before XXXX XXXXXXX to it, such individuals may XXXXX XXX to XX treated by XXXXXXXXX problematic XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX still in the XXXXXXXXXXXX phase, XXX XXX XXXXXX even XXXX severe health consequences XX a XXXXXX.<br></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXX, individuals in developing countries often lack basic XXXXXX to healthcare, XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX. XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX be enticed XX XXXXXXXX trials that XXXXX experimental therapies at low or XX XXXX, or XXXXXXXXX that may even provide XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX for individuals XXX XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Several bioethical XXXXXXXX have XXXX been linked to developing countries, such as organ markets in India, XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX through financial or XXXXXXX XXXXX XX donate XXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXX. The stigma surrounding XXXXXXXX XXXX as XXX-XXXX XXX mental XXXXXX is XXXX more XXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX countries with lower awareness XX XXXX diseases, XXXXX may make such XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX to experimental and XXXXXXXXX problematic forms of treatment.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX">(XXXXXXXXX et XX, 2009)</span></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1"><XXXXXX>XXXXXXXXXXX that are in place to XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></strong></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XX response to XXX above XXXXXXXXX problems, and XX XXXXXXX XXX segments of XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX are XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX others XX XXXXXXX violations, XXXXXXXXXXX have XXXX put in XXXXX XX serve XX safeguards, in terms of regulation, democratic XXXXXXXXXXXX, public-private XXXXXXXXXXXX, non-XXXXXXXXXXXX organisation campaigns XXX media exposes.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX, regulatory XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX the X.S. XXXX XXX XXXX Administration (XXX), XXXXXX by legislation such as the X.S. Federal Food, XXXX and XXXXXXXX Act (FDCA) of XXXX, XXXXX XXX U.S. XXXXXXXXXX XXX expressed authority to regulate, XXXXXX and XXXXXXX the quality of XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XX biomedical XXX healthcare authorities. (XXXXXXXXXX, 2009) XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX imported products XXX XXXXXXXXX with FDA XXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXX counterfeit XXXXXXXXXXX XXX not used which may be harmful to consumers.</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXX as XXX United States, XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX deliberation that XXXXX citizens a XXXXX to XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX of XXX medical XXXXXXXXXXXX. For example, the U.S. Senate XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX on Ethics XXX the X.S. XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX on the XXXXXXX issues XX major XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX such XX XXXXXXXX XXX, euthanasia law, assisted XXXXXXX law and GMO status.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX">(XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX)</span>They XXXXXXXXX call XXXX expert XXXXXXXXX XX both XXXXX of the XXXXX XX XXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX XXXXXX at XXXX, XXX XXX representatives XX such XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX held accountable by XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX, several XXXXXXX academic XXX XXXXXXXX institutions also have their own internal XXXXXXXXX committees, which ensure XXXX their XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX is in XXXX with leading XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, in a XXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">Thirdly, XXXXXX private partnerships XXXX allowed for XXXXXXX scrutiny and best-XXXXXXXX sharing between private players such XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX companies, XXX public stakeholders such XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX hospitals and governmental XXXXXXXXXX authorities. XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXX players XX be XXXXXXXXX XXX audited for their XXXXXXXXX, to XXXXXX XXXX they XXX in line XXXX latest regulatory XXXXXXXXXX laws, XXX XXXX they have not transgressed XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX research.(Hoffmaster, XXXX)XXXXXXXXX bioethicists, often from public institutions XXX academic research XXXXXXX, XXXXX partner XXXX private companies as well in order to ensure XXXX these XXXXXXXXX XXX in line XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX standards XXX XXXXXXXX XXX operations. XXXXX experts are XXXXX able to dispense XXXXXX XXXXXXX on a XXXXXXX of multidisciplinary approaches XXXXXXXXX religion, science, XXXXXX and philosophy.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">XXXXXXX, XXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX organisations and XXXXX exposes XXXX a powerful mechanism to protect XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX the general public against XXXXXXX violations in the area XX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. (Hoffmaster, 2009) News XXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXX, the XXX XXXX Times and XXX BBC XXX XXXXX able to expose, in XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX watchdogs such as XXX Nuffield Council on Bioethics and XXXXXXXXX International, lapses in bioethics XXX regulatory compliance XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX as hospitals, pharmaceutical XXXXXXXXX and medical providers. XXXXX form an XXXXXXXXX check XXX balance XX ensure that XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX for XXX XXXXXXX implications XX their XXXXXXX.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"><strong>Recommended XXXXXXX in legislation, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX to improve XXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX</strong></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">XXXX XXX XX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXX area XX legislation, public XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX in order to XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX state of XXXXXXXXX. Foremost, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX introduce stronger XXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXX that consent is XXXXXXXX for the administration of any medical XXXXXXXXXX that XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX or that XXXX unproven XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX. Secondly, governments should XXXX XXXX schools, XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX workplaces to XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX public education campaigns XXXX contentious bioethics XXXXXX such XX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX cell XXXXXXXXX. XX XXXXXXXXX the public XXXX sufficient information that XX XXXX XX to date XXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX can XXXXXXXXX empower their citizens to make informed XXXXXXXXX on XXXXXXXXX issues, and XX vote in accordance with informed XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX. Finally, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX regulation concerning drug trials XXX XXX administration of contentious XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX such XX XXXXXXXXXX, to align XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX interests of their XXXXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"><XXXXXX>XXXXXXXXXX</XXXXXX></span></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXX remains an understudied XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX several XXXXXX in medicine XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX. XX discussing XXX need for bioethics in the development XXX XXXXXXX of XXX products, XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX protocols in XXX XXXXX XX greater XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, technological XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX fiduciary XXXXXX, XXX segments XX the population that XXX more vulnerable XXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX violations, XXXXX include minorities, lower XXXXXX XXX lower-XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, rare XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and individuals in developing XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXXXX that are in XXXXX to serve as safeguards, in terms XX regulation, democratic deliberation, XXXXXX-XXXXXXX partnerships, non-XXXXXXXXXXXX organisation campaigns XXX media exposes, XXX XXX<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"> </span>XXXX XXX XXXXXXX changes in legislation, public XXXXXXXXX and policy to XXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXXX framework, XXXX essay XXX XXXXXX XXX XXXX for greater XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><br></p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">References</span></p><p>Bogdanich, W., & Hooker, J. (2007). XXXX XXXXX to Panama, a trail XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. New XXXX XXXXX, 6.</p> <p><span class="XX"></span></p> <p>Carr, X. X. (XXXX). Pfizer's XXXXXXXX: A Need XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX Regulation XX Human XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX in Developing Countries. Case X. Res. X. XXX'l L., XX, 15.</p><p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXX, X. M., Chapman, J., XXXXXX, X. X., Levin, X., XXXXX-XXXXX, X., XX XXXXXXX, M., ... & Jha, V. (2013). XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXX tourism: XXX XXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX&XXXXX;XXX XXXX Declaration of Istanbul.<i>XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</i>,<i>XX</i>(XX), 1306-XXXX.</span></p> <p>XXXX, X. W., & Levin, D. L. (XXXX). The" nation's XXXXXXXXXX:" assessing XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX forums. XXXXXXX Institute of Ethics XXXXXXX, 14(X), XXX-XXX.</p><p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX, X. K. (2011). The XXXXXXX-autism connection: a public XXXXXX crisis caused by XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX practices and fraudulent science. XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XX(10), XXXX-1304.</span></p> <p>Häyry, M. (2003). European XXXXXX in bioethics: Why, XXXX, XXX how to XX used. Theoretical XXXXXXXX XXX bioethics, 24(X), 199-214.</p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span></p> <p>Hester, D. M. (XXXX). Why XX must XXXXX our XXXXXX to others. XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX of Bioethics, X(4), W23-W28.</p><p><span class="s1">Hoffmaster, X. (XXXX).<i>XXXXXXXXX in social XXXXXXX</i>. XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX.</span></p><p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXX, S. X., XXXXX, L. W., & Baharuddin, A. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXX Act 2007: Does It XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXX. XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX environmental ethics, 26(X), 747-XXX.</span></p><p><span class="XX">XXXXX, T. X. (XXXX). XXXXX trafficking: XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX for a XXXXXX XXXXXXX. American Journal XX XXXXXX Diseases, XX(X), XXXX-XXXX.</span></p><p><span class="s1">Jegede, X. S. (2009). XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX participation in international health XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX bioethics, 9(2), XX-87.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX, X. (XXXX). Thieves XX XXXXXX: when XXXXXXXXX stole medicine. Mit XXXXX.</span></p><p><span class="s1">Lavery, X. X., XXXXXXX, B. X., Boyle, X. M., & Singer, X. A. (XXXX). XXXXXXXXX for clinicians: XX. Euthanasia XXX assisted suicide.<i>Cmaj</i>,<i>156</i>(XX), XXXX-XXXX.</span></p><p><span XXXXX="s1">Miller, X. X. (2013). From XXX pharma XX good XXXXXX: aligning market forces XXXX XXXX XXX trustworthy XXXXXXXXX through accreditation, XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX rating. XXX XXXXXXX of Law, Medicine & Ethics, XX(3), XXX-XXX.</span><br></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">Moore, A. (2010). Public XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX: the XXXXXXXX XX “XXXXXX talk”. XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX, XX(2), 197-XXX.</span></p><p><span class="XX">Nwabueze, R. N. (2003). XXXXXXX XXXXXX of XXXXXXXX involving XXXXX XXXXXXXX in Nigeria: XXXXX XXX policy XXXXXX. Ind. XXX'l & Comp. X. Rev., XX, XX.</span></p> <p><span class="s1">X'XXXXX, O. (2002). Autonomy and XXXXX in bioethics. XXXXXXXXX University XXXXX.</span></p><p><span XXXXX="XX">Orisakwe, O. E., & XXXXX, J. K. (XXXX). Lead and cadmium levels XX XXXXXXXX administered pediatric XXXXXX in Nigeria: a public XXXXXX concern?. Science XX XXX total environment, 407(XX), 5993-5996.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">Stephens, X. (XXXX). Pfizer XXXXX criminal charges in Nigeria. XXXXXXXXXX Post, XX, A10.</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXX, V. X., & XXXXX, X. (2009). XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX–a philosophical inquiry. Current Science, XXXX-1136.</span></p>">
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