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Extra Credit Assignment: Chapter Summary for Essentials of Comparative Politics, 6ed, Patrick H O’Neil</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Chapter 6: Nondemocratic Regimes</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Learning Objectives</span></p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">This chapter seeks to define nondemocratic rule and its two types: authoritarianism and totalitarian</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should be able to identify key origins and sources of nondemocratic rule</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should be able to identify features of nondemocratic regimes such as the personality cult, cooptation and coercion<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should understand the leading models of nondemocratic rule</span></li> </ol> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Defining Nondemocratic Rule: Totalitarianism and Nondemocratic Rule</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Nondemocratic regimes, or <b>authoritarianism</b>, are situations where a small group of individuals exercise power over the state, where the government is not constitutionally responsible to the public, where the public does not select its leaders, where individual freedom is restricted, and where regimes can be institutionalised and legitimised.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Nondemocratic regimes may also be <b>totalitarian</b>, which is a rare variant where a regime seeks to control and transform all aspects of the state, society and the economy, have a strong ideological goal and use violence to remake institutions.</span><ol><li>This is the case for North Korea, where the supreme leader Kim Jong Un and his party control every facet of life, including jobs, education, and media, and where there is no independent civil society or opposition, while citizens face arbitrary arrests and widespread repression.</li></ol></li></ol><li><span class="s1">Origins and Sources of Nondemocratic Rule</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Governments end up authoritarian because of the following factors</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Modernization: modernization generally leads to a middle class that demands democracy, but it can be a disruptive and uneven process that upsets institutions, norms, technology, economies, job markets and social values. In such disruption, nondemocratic leaders can promise stability and order.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Elites: Entrenched elites may be unwilling to share power, reinforced by the resource trap, where states generate resources without XXXXXXXX, XX was XXX XXXX XXXX XXX dictator Robert Mugabe and Zimbabwe, where his cronyistic elites XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXX platinum and diamond wealth resources<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Society: a weak civil society, or XXX that XXXXXXXX nondemocratic values (XXXX XX through populism) XXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX, as XXX XXX case XXXX XXXX Chavez’s XXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">International relations: XX XXXXXXXXXX the regime type XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX legacy, or the XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXX forces. This was XXX case XXXX USSR and US XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX regime coups, XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX, with China, XXXXXX, Iran XXX Saudi Arabia.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Culture: Formerly, democracy XXX seen XX a Western/XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX may not XXXXXXXXX XX every culture. XXXXXXX, XXXXX that every XXXXX cultural XXXXXX (XXXX as XXXX and MENA) have XXXXXXXXXXX, this XXXXXXXX falls short. XXXXXXX, culture XXXXXX XXX form of democracy rather XXXX determining XXX XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Nondemocratic Regimes and Political XXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Personality cult: the public is encouraged XX obey the XXXXXX XXXXX on XXX or her XXXXXXXXX XXX ideas.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXX is venerated XX quasi-religious figure who XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX qualities XXX XXX XXXXXX XX XXX nation.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XX-optation: members XX XXX public are brought XXXX a XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX the government, XXXXX through XXXXXXXXXXX or clientelism</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX key groups, XXXXXX a XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX the regime, XXX XXXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX or clientelism forms.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Corporatism XXXXXXX or sanctions a limited XXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXX to present public XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX include XXXXX/Portugal in XXX XXXXX, Cuba’s labor union, and China’s state sponsored religious XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX XXX the XXXXX XXXXXXX specific XXXXXXXX/favors XX individuals or small groups, XXXXXXX XXX XXXX, XXXXX XXX rent XXXXXXX, and XXX decline into kleptocracy.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Coercion: XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX is XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX and surveillance. XXXXX XX a use XX fear to XXXXXXXXXX opposition, with XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, job XXXX and threats XX family. XXXXXXXX XXX be targeted or indiscriminate, and coercion XXXXXX on XXXXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX.</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXX examples include China’s XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, Tiananment XXXXXX XXX Iran’s Basij XXXXXXX threat to XXXXXXXXXX.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX is XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXX because it can XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, may XXXXXX more XXXXXXXXXX, XX costly to maintain and limits XXXXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Models XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX: an XXXXXXX XXXXXX type XXXXXXX on patrimonialism XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Military XXXX: XXXX XX XXX or more XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXX be in the form XX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX is XXXXX brought to power XXXXXXX a XXXX and uses XXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX and Egypt.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXX-party rule: Rule where all other parties XXX banned or excluded XXXX XXXXX, reliant XX corporatism and XXXXXXXXXXX to control.<span class="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX: Religion XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXX, with XXXXX XXXXXX and Iran having XXXX of these XXXXXXXXXX features</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX or XXXXXX regimes: Also known XX XXXXXX, electoral XXXXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXX-democratic regimes, XXXXX regimes combine democratic XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, with features XXXXXXXXX XXXX or XXXXXX-XXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXX, XXXXXXXXXX that XXXX an overwhelming XXXXXX XX power, manipulated XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XX Sum: XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX?</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Nondemocratic XXXXXXX XXX in XXXXXXX XXXX XXX past 30 years</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Nondemocracy refers to a XXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXX XXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXXXXX, elite resource control, XXXXXXXX structures, XXXXXXXXXXXXX actors, and culture XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX rule.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Nondemocratic XXXXXXX XXX rely on coercion, co-optation, or personality cults XX maintain XXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXX categories XX nondemocratic XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, military rule, one-XXXXX states, theocracies, and XXXXXXXXX/hybrid XXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">Chapter 9: Communism and Postcommunism</span></p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Learning Objectives</span></p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Students should XXXXXXXXXX XXX nature, XXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX communist XXXXXXXXX economy</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Students should XX able XX XXXXXXXX XXX societal XXXXXXXXXXXX under communism</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Students XXXXXX be able to explain why XXX how communism XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Students XXXXXX be able XX XXXXXXXXXX how communism transform political, economic and societal institutions</span></li> </ol> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX, XXX the Nature of XXXXX Relations</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX back to XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX Marx, XX a XXX XX political XXXXX about class XXX XXXXXXXX that is XXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Empirical: XXXXXXXX to XXXXXXX how societies XXXXXXX, and includes XXXXXXXX about XXX economies grow, why XXXXXX XXXXX revolutions, XXX so XX<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXX: an XXXXXXXX about how XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, and includes XXXXXXXXXXXXX about how XXXXXXX should XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX-based XXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Key terms in XXXXXXXXX include XXX base, bourgeoisie, communism, dialectical XXXXXXXXXXX, dictatorship XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX consciousness, proletariat, superstructure, surplus XXXXX of XXXXX and XXXXXXXX of the XXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX “Triumph” XX Communism</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Marx predicted that XXXXXXX in technology XXXXX progress XXXXXXXX throughout history, and increase XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX rulers XXX XXXXX at each stage, from XXXXXXXXX to capitalist democracy, XXX from XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX of XXX proletariat XX a XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX Practice</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXX XXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXX communist government, and XXXXXXXX anarchic XXXXXX XX emerge. As a result, communist XXXXXXXXX came in many varieties, XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX or monarchical rule (XXXXX XXXXX), XXXXXXXX rule (XXXXX), XXX XXX-XXXXX XXXX (USSR and XXXXX)</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXX XXXXXXXX included:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Elite-based, XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX under XXXXXXXXX Party, XXXXX written into XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX state institutions mirrored in XXX XXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XX-optation (ie.) Nomenklatura</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXX XX “hostile” XXXXXXXXXXXXX<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">The XXXXX XXXXXXXXX often mirrors state XXXXXXXXX, with the XXXXXXX secretary as chief executive, XXX Politburo (“XXXXXXXXX Bureau”) XX the XXX XXXXXX-making XXXXXXXXX body, XXX XXXXXXX Committee as the XXXXXXXXXXX-XXXX body XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, and cells, or XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX to which XXXXXXX are assigned</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Communist political XXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX Collectivization XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXX planning XXXXXXXX markets, and XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX the quantity, XXXXX XXXXX, selling venue XXX type XX goods XXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Extensive public XXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX regular XXXXXX shortages, XXXXXX effects, and a lack XX worker XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXX factories XXX farms focused XX XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX or profiting XXXX surplus, while workers did not XXXX XXXXXX jobs, XXX nor XXX businesses fear XXXXX bankrupt</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XX a result, there were shoddy XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, a lack of XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX Institutions XXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Religion: XXXXXX XXXXXX XX eliminate XXX “opiate of the masses” XXXXXXXX. XX a result, XXXXXXXX XXX pushed XXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX to XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX equal opportunities XXX XXX XXX women, eliminate repressive XXXXXXXXXXXX (XXXX as XXXXXXXX). Mixed results arose, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX improved XXX XXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX remained XXXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX and ethnic identity: XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX that “divide and conquer”. Ironically, it resulted in XXXXXX promotion of XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX minority resentment XXXXXX by unequal treatment<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">The Collapse XX Communism</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XX 1980s, Leaders recognize need to XXXXXX due XX XXXXXXXX, social XXX XXXXXXXXX problems:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXX: Stagnation; XXXXXX government XXXX, high XXXXXXXXXX; XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX: stagnant (and often old) leadership</span></li> <li><span class="s1">International XXXXXXXX: the 1979 USSR XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX military weakness, XXXXX the X.S./XXXX XXXXXXX heats back XX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Social: civil society reemerges in Eastern XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">1978: China XXXXXX “reform and XXXXXXX” under XXXX Xiaoping</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Mikhail Gorbachev takes XXXXX in XXXX, with the XXXXXXXXX reforms:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Perestroika: introduction XX XXXX market XXXXXXX in agriculture and industry; XXXXXXXXX central planning, XXX struggled XX account XX bureaucratic XXXXXXXXXXXXX<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX: free XXXXX and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and administration open to public XXXXXX<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">International reforms: loosens XXXXXXXX control XXXX Eastern Europe</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX decline continues, with an energy XXXXXX, XXXXX XXX Chernobyl disaster triggers XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX itself through XXXXXXX XXXXXX and<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"> </span>XXX-independence movements in XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX self-determination</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">China’s communist XXXXXX did not collapse, XXX USSR XXX, XXXXXXXX 15 XXX countries, with East and XXXX XXXXXXX reuniting, Czechoslovakia XXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="s1">XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX Political Institutions</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX built democracy XX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX of XXX, creating democratic “XXXXXXXX XXXXXX” such XX XXXXXXXXX parties, and writing new XXXXXXXXXXXXX with XXXXXXXXXX of powers, executive XXX legislative XXXXXX, electoral XXXX, civil XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXX XXXXXXXXX such as XXXXXX succeeded, with a favorable XXX-communist legacy XXXX had XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX development, a XXXXXXX XXXXX society, history XX democratic institutions, experience with rule XX XXX and strong ties to XXXXXX (XXX the EU). XXXXXX, such as Russia, floundered XXXXX the resource XXXXX and political instability.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">The XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX Economic Institutions: Challenges</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Privatization: Transfer of XXXXX-held XXXXXXXX into private hands</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXXX: Re-creating XXX forces XX supply and XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Pre-communist legacy mattered, XXXX states that had XXXX XXXXXXXXXX with industrialization, markets, and private property, shorter period of Soviet control, closer XXXX to XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXX EU, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXX judicial institutions able to XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX protect XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX more effectively in XXXXX economic transition</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX Institutions</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Issues such XX religion, ethnicity, nationalism, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1"> In Sum: The XXXXXX of Communism</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX XXX history as a XXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXX revolutions XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX systems sought to completely XXXXXXXXX politics, XXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXX, XXX often fell short XX their goals.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">By the XXXX XXXXX and early XXXXX, most XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX or transitioned XX new XXXXX of government.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">The postcommunist XXXXX is becoming XXXXXXXXXXXX diverse in regard to politics, economics, XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> </ol>">
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