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Extra Credit Assignment: Chapter Summary for Essentials of Comparative Politics, 6ed, Patrick H O’Neil</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Chapter 6: Nondemocratic Regimes</span></p> <p><span class="s1">Learning Objectives</span></p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">This chapter seeks to define nondemocratic rule and its two types: authoritarianism and totalitarian</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should be able to identify key origins and sources of nondemocratic rule</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should be able to identify features of nondemocratic regimes such as the personality cult, cooptation and coercion<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Students should understand the leading models of nondemocratic rule</span></li> </ol> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Defining Nondemocratic Rule: Totalitarianism and Nondemocratic Rule</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Nondemocratic regimes, or <b>authoritarianism</b>, are situations where a small group of individuals exercise power over the state, where the government is not constitutionally responsible to the public, where the public does not select its leaders, where individual freedom is restricted, and where regimes can be institutionalised and legitimised.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Nondemocratic regimes may also be <b>totalitarian</b>, which is a rare variant where a regime seeks to control and transform all aspects of the state, society and the economy, have a strong ideological goal and use violence to remake institutions.</span><ol><li>This is the case for North Korea, where the supreme leader Kim Jong Un and his party control every facet of life, including jobs, education, and media, and where there is no independent civil society or opposition, while citizens face arbitrary arrests and widespread repression.</li></ol></li></ol><li><span class="s1">Origins and Sources of Nondemocratic Rule</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Governments end up authoritarian because of the following factors</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Modernization: modernization generally leads to a middle class that demands democracy, but it can be a disruptive and uneven process that upsets institutions, norms, technology, economies, job markets and social values. In such disruption, nondemocratic leaders can promise stability and order.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Elites: Entrenched elites may be unwilling to share power, reinforced by the resource trap, where states generate resources without taxation, as was XXX XXXX with the XXXXXXXX Robert XXXXXX and XXXXXXXX, where his cronyistic elites controlled the XXXXXXX XXXXX platinum and XXXXXXX XXXXXX resources<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Society: a weak XXXXX XXXXXXX, or XXX XXXX supports nondemocratic XXXXXX (such XX XXXXXXX populism) can XXXX XX nondemocratic rule, as XXX the case with Hugo XXXXXX’s Venezuela.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">International XXXXXXXXX: XX influences XXX regime XXXX through XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, or XXX support of XXXXXXXXXXXXX forces. This was XXX XXXX XXXX USSR XXX US XXXXXX nondemocratic XXXXXX coups, and more XXXXXXXX, XXXX China, XXXXXX, Iran XXX Saudi Arabia.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">Culture: XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX was seen XX a Western/XXXXXXXXX construct which may XXX translate to every XXXXXXX. XXXXXXX, given XXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX (such as XXXX XXX XXXX) have XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX argument falls XXXXX. XXXXXXX, culture XXXXXX XXX XXXX XX democracy XXXXXX than determining its absence or presence.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX and Political Control</span></li> <ol> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX: the XXXXXX is encouraged XX XXXX XXX XXXXXX based XX XXX or her XXXXXXXXX and ideas.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX as quasi-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX embodies XXXXXXXXXXXXX qualities XXX the spirit XX XXX XXXXXX.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Co-optation: XXXXXXX XX XXX public XXX brought XXXX a beneficial XXXXXXXXXXXX with XXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX through corporatism or clientelism</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Cooptation selectively XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX to XXX groups, making a segment dependent on XXX XXXXXX, and XXXXX in either corporatism or XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Corporatism creates or XXXXXXXXX a XXXXXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX to present public XXXXXXXXX. XXXXXXXX include Spain/XXXXXXXX in the 1970s, Cuba’s XXXXX XXXXX, XXX XXXXX’s XXXXX sponsored XXXXXXXXX groups</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXXX has XXX XXXXX provide specific XXXXXXXX/favors to individuals or XXXXX groups, XXXXXXX XXX jobs, XXXXX XXX XXXX seeking, XXX may decline XXXX kleptocracy.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX: XXXXXX obedience is XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXX. There is a XXX of fear XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX sanctions including XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, XXX XXXX and threats to XXXXXX. Violence can be XXXXXXXX or indiscriminate, XXX XXXXXXXX relies on surveillance to identify XXXXXXX.</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Prominent XXXXXXXX include XXXXX’s XXXXXXXX Revolution, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX and Iran’s Basij XXXXXXX threat XX protestors.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX XX limited in efficacy XXXXXXX it can XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX legitimacy, may create XXXX grievances, is XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX and XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Models of XXXXXXXXXXXXX rule XXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX and monarchical XXXX: an ancient regime XXXX XXXXXXX on patrimonialism XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX rule: Rule by XXX or XXXX XXXXXXXX officials, which may XX in XXX form XX bureaucratic XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX is often XXXXXXX to power through a XXXX and XXXX coercion. XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX Chile and XXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">One-party rule: XXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXX parties are XXXXXX or XXXXXXXX from XXXXX, XXXXXXX on corporatism and XXXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Theocracy: Religion XX the XXXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXX, with Saudi XXXXXX and XXXX XXXXXX some XX these XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX or XXXXXX regimes: XXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXX-XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, these regimes XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX features, XXXX features including XXXX or XXXXXX-respected XXXX of XXX, XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX an overwhelming XXXXXX XX power, XXXXXXXXXXX elections, XXX few civil XXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX freedoms</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">In XXX: Retreat or Retrenchment XXX Nondemocratic Regimes?</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXX in XXXXXXX XXXX XXX past 30 XXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Nondemocracy XXXXXX to a broad XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX XXXXXXXX XX modernization, XXXXX resource XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, international actors, XXX culture may reinforce nondemocratic XXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXXX regimes XXX XXXX on XXXXXXXX, co-XXXXXXXX, or personality XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX of nondemocratic XXXX XXXXXXX monarchies, XXXXXXXX XXXX, XXX-XXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXXX/hybrid regimes.</span></li> </ol> </ol> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Chapter 9: Communism and XXXXXXXXXXXXX</span></p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX">Learning Objectives</span></p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX XXXXXX understand XXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXX and developmental XXXX of XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Students should XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX economy</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXX XXXXXX be able to XXXXXXXX XXX societal institutions under XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Students XXXXXX be able to explain why XXX how XXXXXXXXX collapsed</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Students should XX able XX XXXXXXXXXX how communism XXXXXXXXX political, XXXXXXXX XXX societal XXXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX, Equality, and the Nature of Human XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX back to XXXXXX philosopher Karl Marx, as a set of political XXXXX about class and XXXXXXXX XXXX XX both:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX: attempts XX explain how societies operate, XXX XXXXXXXX theories XXXXX why economies grow, why XXXXXX XXXXX revolutions, and so on<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX: an XXXXXXXX about how society should XXXXXXXX, and includes XXXXXXXXXXXXX about how workers should organize and XXXXXXXXX market-XXXXX XXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Key XXXXX in communism XXXXXXX the base, bourgeoisie, communism, dialectical XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX XX the XXXXXXXXXXX, false XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX, superstructure, surplus value of XXXXX and vanguard XX the XXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1">Revolution XXX the “XXXXXXX” XX Communism</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX changes in XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX history, and increase XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX the rulers and XXXXX at each stage, XXXX feudalism XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX, and XXXX the dictatorship XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXXXXX utopia.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Putting Communism into XXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXX had XX blueprint for XXXXXXXXX government, XXX expected XXXXXXXX utopia XX XXXXXX. As a result, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX in XXXX varieties, XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXXX rule (XXXXX Korea), XXXXXXXX rule (Burma), and XXX-party XXXX (XXXX XXX XXXXX)</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX features included:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Elite-XXXXX, centralized XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX, XXXXX written into constitution with XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX mirrored in XXX parties</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Co-optation (ie.) Nomenklatura</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Banning XX “hostile” XXXXXXXXXXXXX<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX XXXXX structure XXXXX mirrors state XXXXXXXXX, with the General secretary as chief executive, the Politburo (“Political XXXXXX”) as XXX top XXXXXX-making executive body, the XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX as the legislative-like body of party membership, XXX cells, or XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX which XXXXXXX XXX assigned</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Communist XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Featured Collectivization XXX nationalization, with private property XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX-controlled XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Central XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX markets, and the XXXXXXXXX government XXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXX, final price, selling venue and XXXX XX XXXXX XXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX goods XXX social services</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX included regular supply shortages, XXXXXX effects, and a XXXX of XXXXXX and business incentives</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXX factories XXX farms focused on hitting quotas XXXXXX than producing XXXXXXX goods or profiting from surplus, XXXXX XXXXXXX did not fear losing XXXX, XXX nor XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">As a XXXXXX, there XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX, economic stagnation, a lack of innovation and XXXXXX shortages</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Societal XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX Communism</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Religion: policy XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX the “opiate XX the masses” XXXXXXXX. As a result, religion XXX pushed underground.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXX XXX sexuality: XXXXXXXXX social XXXXXXXX XXXXXX to eliminate XXXXXXXXXXXX, promote XXXXX opportunities for XXX XXX women, XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX (such as XXXXXXXX). Mixed XXXXXXX arose, with opportunities improved XXX XXXXX, although traditional family XXXXX remained XXXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Nationalism and ethnic identity: eliminate mechanisms that “divide and XXXXXXX”. Ironically, it XXXXXXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX nationalism, with XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX driven by XXXXXXX treatment<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">The Collapse XX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XX 1980s, Leaders recognize XXXX to XXXXXX XXX to XXXXXXXX, social XXX XXXXXXXXX problems:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Economics: XXXXXXXXXX; rising government XXXX, high inequality; XXXXXX food XXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Politics: XXXXXXXX (and XXXXX XXX) leadership</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">International politics: XXX XXXX USSR XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXX exposes XXXXXXXX weakness, XXXXX the U.S./XXXX XXXXXXX heats back up under XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Social: XXXXX society reemerges in XXXXXXX Europe</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXX: China XXXXXX “XXXXXX and XXXXXXX” XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Mikhail Gorbachev takes XXXXX in XXXX, with XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXXX: introduction of XXXX XXXXXX reforms in agriculture and industry; preserves central planning, but XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX of bureaucratic XXXXXXXXXXXXX<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Glasnost: free media XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX management and administration XXXX to public XXXXXX<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXXXXX reforms: loosens military control over Eastern Europe</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX decline XXXXXXXXX, with an energy XXXXXX, while the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX triggers XXXXXXXXXX crisis, XXX XXXXXXXXXXX reasserts XXXXXX XXXXXXX Eastern XXXXXX XXX<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-space"> </span>pro-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in XXXX that XXXX XXXXXXXX self-determination</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXX’s communist XXXXXX XXX XXX collapse, but XXXX XXX, XXXXXXXX 15 XXX XXXXXXXXX, with East and West Germany XXXXXXXXX, Czechoslovakia XXXXXXXX, XXX Yugoslavia XXXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX Transformation XX Political Institutions</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXX communist countries built democracy XX establishing XXXX XX law, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX “XXXXXXXX blocks” such XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, and XXXXXXX XXX constitutions XXXX separation of XXXXXX, executive and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX laws, XXXXX rights and XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXX countries such as Poland succeeded, with a favorable XXX-communist XXXXXX XXXX had greater XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX, a vibrant civil XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXXX institutions, XXXXXXXXXX with XXXX of XXX and XXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXX (XXX XXX XX). Others, XXXX as Russia, floundered under the XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX Transformation of XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX: Challenges</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Privatization: XXXXXXXX of state-XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Marketization: Re-XXXXXXXX the XXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXX demand</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXX-XXXXXXXXX legacy XXXXXXXX, XXXX states XXXX XXX XXXX experience with industrialization, markets, and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX period of Soviet control, XXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXX Europe and XXX XX, stronger XXXXXXXXX XXX stronger XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX able to stem corruption XXX XXXXXXX property XXXXXX succeeding more effectively in XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXX Transformation of XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Issues XXXX as XXXXXXXX, ethnicity, XXXXXXXXXXX, gender relations and gender identity XXXXXXX.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s1"> In XXX: XXX Legacy XX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXX saw XXXXXXX as a XXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXX revolutions triggered XX changes in technology.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Communist XXXXXXX sought to completely XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, economics, and XXXXXXX, XXX often XXXX XXXXX XX XXXXX goals.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">By XXX late XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXXX states collapsed or transitioned to new forms XX government.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">The postcommunist world XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX diverse in XXXXXX to politics, XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> </ol> </ol>">
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