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</span> </p> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span class="s1">Chapter 5:<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p> <p><span class="s1">Learning Objectives</span></p> <ul> <li><span class="s1">To define democracy and its different types</span></li> <li><span class="s1">To understand the origins of democracy</span></li> <li><span class="s1">To explain the rising trend of contemporary democratization</span></li> <li><span class="s1">To elaborate on the institutions of the democratic state and its three branches</span></li> <li><span class="s1">To explore the benefits and disadvantages of different models of democracy</span></li> <li><span class="s1">To discuss the role of political parties, electoral systems, referendums, initiatives, civil rights and civil liberties in a democracy.</span></li> </ul> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Defining Democracy</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1"><b>Democracy</b> comes from demos (‘the common people’) and kratia (‘power’ or ‘rule’), and has taken on the modern definition of political power exercised either directly or indirectly by the people</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Democracies are comprised of illiberal democracies, which have elections but undermine key democratic elements, and liberal democracies, which promote participation, competition, and liberty, and emphasize individual freedom and civil rights.</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Origins of Democracy</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Democracy started in Ancient Greece (Athens), as a small community of direct democracy with few fixed institutions</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Republicanism then rose in Rome, with democracy involving the separation of powers and elected officials</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Finally, democracy progressed through the implementation of the Magna Carta (1215), which limited power of monarchy and establishes rights, with taxes and borrowing controlled by parliament</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Contemporary Democratization</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Possible explanations for democratization include<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <ul> <li><span class="s1">modernization: As societies modernize (economically), a middle class emerges, the population becomes wealthier, better educated, and urbanized, old traditions of authority and hierarchy weaken, and new values (tolerance, gender equality) emerge. While this is true, given XXXX most XXXXXXXXXXX are XXXXXXX countries, this is XXXXXXXXXXX given XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX have modernized XXXXXXX democratizing.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">elites: XXXXXXXXXXXXX of wealth XXX power matter, and when XXXXXX is concentrated in XXXXX XXXXX, XXXXX in XXXXX are unlikely to XXXX XX control XX XXX XXXXX. XXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXX democracy if they XXX XXXX their wealth (XXXXX XXXXXX), XXX more XXXXXXXXXXXXX support (XXXXXX), or XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX asset XXXXXXX (Chile)<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">civil XXXXXXX: the public will XXXX for reform if XXXXX XXXXXXX (organized XXXX outside XXXXX XXXXXXX) is stronger, XXXX in XXX Arab XXXXXX, Eastern Europe.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">international relations: XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX play a XXXXXX or indirect XXXX in XXXXXXXXX democracy, XXXX as American XXXXX XXX, XX in Eastern Europe, XXXX during the Arab XXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX culture: critics XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX style values are needed XXX democracy, such as individualism, XXXXXXXXXX XXX gender equality in Western XXXXXX XXX North XXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </XX> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">Institutions XX the XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX"><b>Three Branches of government:</b> XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX are XXX executive, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX constitutional XXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX" <XXX="" XXXXXXXXX="" XX="" XXX="" branch="" of="" government="" XXXX="" XXXXXXX="" out="" XXXX="" XXX="" XXXXXXXX,="" led="" XX="" XXXX="" XXXXX="" or="" government,="" XXXXX="" XXX="" be="" determined="" XXXXXXXXXXXXX,="" XXXXXXXXXXXX="" XXXX-presidential="" systems.="" a="" XXXXXXXX="" role="" XXXX="" XXXXX,="" makes="" national="" policies="" XXXXXXX="" XXXXXXXX.="">span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"&XX;</span></li> <li><span class="s1" <XXX="" legislative="" is="" the="" XXXXXX="" XX="" government="" that="" XXXXX="" laws,="" and="" may="" XX="" XXXXXXXXXX="" or="" XXXXXXXXX.="" XXXXXXXXXXX="" chosen="" XX="" direct="" election,="" indirect="" XXXXXXXX="" XXXXXXXX="" XXXXXXXXXXX.="">span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">The constitutional court determines laws XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXX maintains XXX upholds the rule XX XXX. XXXX democracies have a XXXXXXXXXXXXXX court with XXX XXXXX XX judicial XXXXXX, which may XX in the form of abstract review or XXXXXXXX XXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Abstract XXXXXX: Political XXXXXXX can XXXXX questions to a XXXXX before XXXX XXX passed</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXX review: Citizens XXX XXXXX cases to challenge a XXX XXXXX passage.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXX XX Democracy: Parliamentary, Presidential, and XXXX-Presidential Systems, and XXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX, and XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX: Benefits and Drawbacks</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXX XXXXXX of democracy</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Parliamentary systems XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX are XXXXX, and XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX are XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX elections XXXX fluid election XXXXXX. Prime XXXXXXXX and cabinet XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX. Parliamentary XXXXXXX are more XXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXX the public XXXX XXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX, with XXXXXX elections XXX a fixed XXXXXXXX cycle. Legislature XXXXXXXXX legislation, powers XXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX are co-equal. Presidential XXXXXXX XXX backed XX a XXXXXX national XXXXXXX, but XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX deadlock XXXXXXXXXXX<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXX-presidential systems XXXXX XXX XXXXXX systems with XXX XXXXXXXXXX . XXXXX XXX two XXXXX XXXXXXXXX in a fixed XXXXXXXX cycle, XXXX XXXXXXXX between the two XXXXXXX to XXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX Parties</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXX promote participation, XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXX and accountability.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXX Systems</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXX systems XXXXXXX how XXXXXX XXXXXX their representatives, XXXXX XXX be divided by election XXXXXX, representation, district magnitude, and XXXXXX calculations.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXX-XXXXXX District (XXX) systems XXX feature plurality (first past the XXXX) or majority (XXXXXX) systems. XXXXX systems XXXX XXXXX and larger parties, clearer mandates, XXXX political XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXX less XXXXXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX (XXX) systems XXX feature proportional representation or mixed systems. These systems XXXX smaller XXXXXXX XXXX are XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX risk XXXXXXXXXXX the political XXXXXX.<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXX systems XXXXXXX preferential XXXXXX, where voters XXXX-order candidates.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Referendum and Initiative</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XXXXXXXXXX: National vote </span><span class="XX">XXXXXX by a XXXXXXXXXX </span><span class="XX">to address a specific proposal, often a change XX a constitution</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXX: X XXXXXXXX vote </span><span XXXXX="s2">XXXXXX by members XX XXX public </span><span XXXXX="XX">XX address a XXXXXXXX proposal</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXX Rights and XXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Civil XXXXXX: Rights regarding XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXX XXXXXXXXX: Rights regarding XXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXX by specificity of XXXXXXXXXXXXXX protections, XXXXXXX by courts XX defend rights XXX XXXXXXXXX, XXX ideas XXXXX XXX central role of XXX XXXXX</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">XX XXX: XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <ol> <li><span class="s1">Liberal democracy XX based XX participation, XXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXX. XX can be XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="XX">Democratization is shaped XX economic, XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX, and international XXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX branches of XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX differ in how their executive, legislative, XXX XXXXXXXX institutions XXX XXXXXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">XXXXXXXXXXXXX, presidential, and XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX systems XXXXX different XXXXXXX on XXXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXX relations. <span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">All XXXXXXXXXXX require political parties XX function, but the XXXX of XXXXX party XXXXXX XX shaped XX their electoral XXXXX.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s1">There XXX XXXX different XXXX XX XXXXX representatives or vote XX XXXXXXXX.</span></li> <li><span class="s1">Democracies vary in terms of XXX specific rights XXX liberties XXXX include in XXXXX constitutions. <span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </ol> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX"></span> </p> <p><span class="XX"></span> </p> <p><span XXXXX="XX">Chapter 8</span></p> <p><span class="XX">XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX</span></p> <XX> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XX XXXXXX a developed democracy</span></li> <li><span class="s1">To explore trends in XXXXXXX XXX equality in XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">To XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX challenges XXX developed democracies</span></li> <li><span class="s1">To understand XXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX institutions in XXXXXXXXX democracies<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> </XX> <p><span class="s1"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span class="XX">Defining Developed Democracy</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX refer to XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXX XX economic XXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Freedom XXX XXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXX Democracies</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX institutionalized democracies that XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX, competition XXX XXXXXXX, XXX differ by specifics XXXXXXX variations in participation (ie. voter XXXXXXXXXXX, referenda), XXXXXXXXXXX (XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, campaign funding) and freedoms.</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s3">Developed XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX’s tenets XX XXXXXXX property, free markets XXX XXXXXXXXXX, but differ in XXX XXXX XX the XXXXX and degree of XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s3">Contemporary XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX Democracies</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXXX inequality</span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">Political XXXXXXXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXXXX Transformed?</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX in XXX rise of XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX as XXX XX, XXXXX arose XXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX and 1951 ECSC XX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX European war XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX integration.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXX early failures, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX was achieved XXXXXXX XXX XXX, EC XXX EU</span></li> <li><span class="XX">The EU XX comprised of the XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, Commission, XXXXXXXXXX and Court of XXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXX XXXXXXXX Council XX the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXX of XXXXX XXXX XXXX times a XXXX at the XXXXXXXX XXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s3">The European XXXXXXXXXX is the XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX’s bureaucracy, XXX XXXXXXXXX proposals, manages EU XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="XX">The XXXXXXXX Parliament is XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XX EU voters</span></li> <li><span class="XX" <the="" european="" XXXXX="" XX="" XXXXXXX="" XX="" XXX="" XXXXXXX="" XXXXX,="" and="" decides="" whether="" XXXXXX="" are="" XXXXXXXXX="" XXXX="" XX="" laws.="">span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="XX">The XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX after XXXX, with XX members, a common XXXXXXXX, an attempted EU XXXXXXXXXXXX, the EU XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX powers.</span></li> <li><span class="s3">Problems have included XXX XXXXXX XXXX (XXXX), XXXX other XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX Euro XXXXXX, the XX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXX XXXXXXXX, debt XXXXXXXXX, North-XXXXX division, immigration, XXX XXXXXX and a democratic deficit.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXX, XXXXX, cross-border XXXXXXXXXX, a single European identity, international power and a XXXXXXX currency.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s3">Devolution of power to XXXXX governments occurred in Spain and the UK, with supporters arguing that it XXXXXXXX trust in XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX representation, citizen engagement, XXXXX critics contend it XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX autonomy, XXX empowers separatists.<span class="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> </ol> <p><span XXXXX="s3"></span> </p> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX: XXX Identities in XXXXXXXXX?</span></li> </ol> <ol> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXXX have XXXXXXX: XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span class="s3">XXXXXX XXXXXX emphasise rationality, XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXX, autonomy, XXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX emphasise environment, XXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX XX tradition. XXXXXXXX XXX economic development XXX hinder postmodern XXXXX adoption.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">Issues such as XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX shifts XXXX marked the formation of XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX-space"></span></span></li> </ol> <li><span class="s3">XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX: A New Market?</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="XX">There has been an XXXXXXXX XXXXX XX services, XXXX XXXXXXXXXX production migrating to XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="XX">Hence, job losses in manufacturing have XXXXX, XXXXX with XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXX and greater XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX">Welfare states XXXX XXX XXXXXXXX of less XXXXXXX poverty, XXXXX infant XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX, but are XXXXXXXXXX by demographic XXXXXX XXX budget XXXXXXXX.<span XXXXX="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX are XX XXX welfare benefits, XXXXXXXX government XXXX or XXXXX XXXXX.<span class="Apple-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s3">Possible solutions to XXXXXX in XXXXXXXXX are to expand XXX XXXXX XXXXXX by increasing immigration, raising XXX retirement age or making job XXXXXXX more XXXXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-converted-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXX XXXX in different XXXXXXXXX:</span></li> <ol> <li><span XXXXX="XX">UK: XXXXXX taxes, XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX, XXXXXX protests, declining growth, with long term XXXXXXXXXXXX unknown</span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s3">XXXXX XXXXX/Australia: temporary tax cuts, infrastructure XXXXXXXX XXX to avoided XXXXXXXXX, higher XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX and XXXX XXXX consequences remaining XXXXXXX</span></li> </ol> </ol> <li><span class="s3">In Sum: XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX</span></li> <ol> <li><span class="s3">Developed democracies are XXXXXXXXX with institutionalized democracy and XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. <span class="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span class="s3"> In XXXXXX XXXXX, sovereignty has XXXX challenged XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX integration and devolution XXXXXX.<span class="XXXXX-converted-space"></span></span></li> <li><span XXXXX="s3"> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXX development XXX XXXXXXX XXXX new XXXXXX, XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX often remain salient.<span class="Apple-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX"></span></span></li> <li><span class="XX"> Postindustrial development and XXXXXX XXXXXX welfare costs raise XXXXXX for developed democracies.</span></li> </ol> </ol>">
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