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Outline and discuss Clarke’s assessment that the
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<p>These takeaways are important as they define how this emerging area of warfare has reshaped how conflicts between governmental and non-governmental actors are executed, and have significant implications for how governmental and non-governmental actors can fight against cyberattacks.</p><p>Foremost, XXXXXX emphasises the XXXXX XXX significant XXXXXX of cyberattacks on XXX victims. The XXXXXXXXX XX a XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, Georgian banks XXX XXXXXXXX websites XX their XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX and XXXXX XXXXXX perpetrators show XXX XXXXXXXXXXX speed XXX magnitude of the impact XX a XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXX targets. XXXX implies XXXX parties XXXXXXX to guard against cyberattacks XXXX XX able XX XXXXXXX XXXX similar XXXXX and force, XXXXXXX robust XXXXXXXXXXXXX systems XX industry leaders XXXX as XXXXXXXX and XXXXXX, in order XX repel XXXXXXX by third parties.</p><p>Secondly, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX how XXXXX XXX XX global XXX skips XXX battlefield. XXXX XXXXXXX that XXX perpetrators are often difficult XX XXXXX XX their provenance XXX XXXXX little evidence of their handiwork, whether they XX XXXXXXXXXXXX or non-XXXXXXXXXXXX actors. Furthermore, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX Clarke demonstrates that existing XXXXXXX, XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, anti-XXXXXXXXX missile XXXXXXXX and XXXXXXX XXXXXXX, are often paralyzed XXX XXXX impotent XX these XXXXX XXXXXXX. XXX XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXX XXXXXX XX most conventional weapons XXXXXXX allows XXXX to XX XXXXXXXXXXX and compromised by a XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXXX attackers. XX a result, XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX of cyberattacks XXXXX 'XXXX the XXXXXXXXXXX' compels defenders XX XXXXXX innovative solutions XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX coalitions (such as XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX Partnership Against XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX (IMPACT) XXX XXX UN Global XXXXXXX XX Cybercrime) in order XX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX execute a XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX. Governmental and non governmental actors must be collaborative and XXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXXXXXX XX fend XXX cyber XXXXXXX and XXXX with the risks XXXX shadowy and uncertain XXXXXXXX by XXXXX XXXXXXX.</p><p>Finally, XXXXXX XXXXX how XXXXX war XX global XXX XX XXXXXXX a reality. This XXXXXXXX that the risks XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX breaches are XXXXXXX XXXXXXX, and XXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX and nongovernmental actors, such as Maersk (a XXXXX victim XX cyber-attacks) and the XXXXXXXX banking XXXXXX, must XXXX their cybersecurity defenses XXXXX of XXX XXXX XXX 'XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX' in order to XXXX XXX spillover effects from attacks XX XXX party on XXXXXXX. This is XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX that malware and viruses XXX spread from XXXXX original target XX XXXXXX other XXXXXXX.</p> <p>In XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXX's XXXXXXXXX on XXXXX attacks thatcyber war is XXXX, that it is XXXXXX, XXXX it XXXXX XXX battlefield, XXXX it has XXXXXXX begun XXX XXXX it XXXXXXX at XXX XXXXX of light XXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX for XXXXXXXXXXXX, cybersecurity XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXX XXXXXX must move quickly, XXXXXXXXXXX XXX collaboratively to XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX from XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX cyber warfare.</p> <p>[X] Clarke, XXXXXXX XXXX, XXX XXXXXX K. XXXXX.<em>Cyber XXX</em>. XXXXXX Media, Incorporated, 2014.<br></p><p>References:</p><p>XXXXXXX, Jason, and XXXXX Winterfeld.<i>Cyber warfare: techniques, XXXXXXX XXX tools XXX security practitioners</i>. Elsevier, XXXX.<br></p><p>XXXX, XXXXXXX.<i>Inside XXXXX warfare: XXXXXXX the cyber XXXXXXXXXX</i>. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.", 2011.<br></p><p>XXXXXX, XXXXXXX XXXX, and Robert X. XXXXX.<em>Cyber war</em>. XXXXXX Media, Incorporated, 2014. </p><p>XXXXXXX, XXX R. "XXXXXXX and XXX XXXXXX XX cyber warfare."<i>Security Studies</i>XX, no. 3 (2013): XXX-XXX.<XX></p><p><br></p>">
