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Outline and discuss Clarke’s assessment that the
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<p>These takeaways are important as they define how this emerging area of warfare has reshaped how conflicts between governmental and non-governmental actors are executed, and have significant implications for how governmental and non-governmental actors can fight against XXXXXXXXXXXX.</p><p>Foremost, Clarke emphasises XXX XXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX impact of cyberattacks XX XXX victims. XXX XXXXXXXXX XX a Syrian XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX XXXXX and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX by their XXXXXXXXX Israeli, XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX Korean XXXXXXXXXXXX show the XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX and magnitude XX the impact of a cyberattack on its XXXXXXX. This implies XXXX parties seeking XX guard XXXXXXX cyberattacks must be able to respond XXXX similar XXXXX XXX force, through XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX by industry XXXXXXX such XX XXXXXXXX XXX Norton, in order XX XXXXX XXXXXXX XX XXXXX parties.</p><p>XXXXXXXX, Clarke XXXXXXXXX how XXXXX war XX XXXXXX XXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX XXX perpetrators are often XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX to XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and leave XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX their handiwork, whether they be governmental or XXX-governmental XXXXXX. XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX by Clarke XXXXXXXXXXXX that existing XXXXXXX, XXXX as XXXXXXXXXX, aircraft XXXXXXXX, XXXX-XXXXXXXXX missile defences and nuclear weapons, XXX XXXXX paralyzed XXX made XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXX attacks. The XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXX nature of most XXXXXXXXXXXX weapons systems allows them to XX XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX XX a variety XX malicious XXXXXXXXX. As a result, XXX global nature of XXXXXXXXXXXX which 'XXXX the battlefield' compels XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX solutions and XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (such XX XXX International Multilateral XXXXXXXXXXX Against Cyber-Terrorism (XXXXXX) XXX XXX XX Global Program on Cybercrime) in order to effectively XXXXXXXXXX and execute a XXXXXXXX against cyberattacks. Governmental XXX non XXXXXXXXXXXX actors must be collaborative XXX XXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXX attempts XX XXXX off cyber XXXXXXX XXX deal with XXX risks from XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX assaults by XXXXX XXXXXXX.</p><p>Finally, XXXXXX XXXXX how cyber war is XXXXXX XXX is already a reality. XXXX XXXXXXXX that the risks XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX breaches are already present, and XXXXXXX that XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX nongovernmental actors, XXXX XX Maersk (a major XXXXXX XX XXXXX-XXXXXXX) XXX XXX XXXXXXXX banking sector, must XXXX their cybersecurity XXXXXXXX ahead of the game XXX 'prepare their battlefield XXXXXXXX' in order to XXXX off spillover XXXXXXX from attacks by one XXXXX XX XXXXXXX. XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX given that malware XXX viruses can XXXXXX from their original XXXXXX to strike other targets.</p> <p>In conclusion, XXXXXX's XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXX attacks thatcyber war is real, that it XX XXXXXX, XXXX it XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX it XXX already XXXXX XXX XXXX it happens at XXX XXXXX XX light have XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX, cybersecurity XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX. XXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX the XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX and cyber warfare.</p> <p>[X] XXXXXX, Richard XXXX, XXX Robert K. Knake.<em>XXXXX war</em>. XXXXXX Media, XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXX.<br></p><p>XXXXXXXXXX:</p><p>XXXXXXX, Jason, and XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX.<i>Cyber warfare: XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX and tools XXX security practitioners</i>. Elsevier, XXXX.<br></p><p>Carr, XXXXXXX.<i>Inside XXXXX warfare: XXXXXXX XXX cyber underworld</i>. " O'Reilly XXXXX, Inc.", XXXX.<br></p><p>Clarke, Richard Alan, XXX XXXXXX X. XXXXX.<em>Cyber war</em>. Tantor Media, XXXXXXXXXXXX, 2014. </p><p>XXXXXXX, XXX R. "XXXXXXX and the XXXXXX of XXXXX XXXXXXX."<i>Security XXXXXXX</i>22, XX. X (2013): 365-404.<br></p><p><XX></p>">
