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Political Science 100, 70 terms definition
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An </span><em>agreement</em><span class="st"> between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified</span>; an understanding less formal than a treaty between the U.S. (both the executive and legislative branch or just the executive branch) and the government of another country </p> <p>Line-item veto - A special type of veto that the president can use to strike the specific parts of the bill he or she dislikes without rejecting the entire bill </p> <p>Delegated powers of the President - Powers granted by Congress to help the president fulfill his duties; also called enumerated powers </p> <p>War Powers Resolution - <span class="tgc">A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress</span> </p> <p>Going public - A leadership strategy involving a variety of presidential speeches designed to reach a range of institutions and actors which attempt to influence the decisions, actions, and opinions of others through public engagement </p> <p>Executive order - A rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law </p> <p>Signing statement - <span class="tgc">A written pronouncement issued by the President of the United States upon the signing of a bill into law. They are usually printed along with the bill in United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCCAN)</span> </p> <p>White House Press Secretary – A senior official who oversees the communication of the executive branch of the government and who communicates on behalf of the U.S. president across print, broadcast, and Internet channels; the White House Press Secretary is appointed by the president<span></span></p><p>Judicial precedent – <span class="st">A legal case law establishing a principle or rule that a court or other judicial body may apply while deciding subsequent cases involving similar issues or facts</span> </p> <p>XXXXXX law - XXXX XX law which XXXXXXX relationships XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX government, XXX those relationships between individuals which are of direct concern XX XXXXXXX; Public XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX law, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX law, XXX XXX XXX criminal XXX, as well XX all procedural XXX </p> <p>Supreme Court XXXXX - XXX XXXXXXX of the Supreme Court of the XXXXXX States XXXXXXXXXXX XXX overseeing filings with XXX XXXXX and maintaining dockets and records of XXX Court; The role of the XXXXX clerk XXX deputies or XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XX confused XXXX XXX Court's <i>law XXXXXX</i>, XXX XXXXXX XXX Justices XX conducting XXXXXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXXX drafts of XXXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX - A type XX writ, XXXXX XXX rare use, by XXXXX an XXXXXXXXX court XXXXXXX to review a case XX its discretion; a XXXX XXXX <span XXXXX="tgc">orders a lower court to deliver XXX XXXXXX in a case so XXXX XXX XXXXXX court may XXXXXX it</span> </p> <p>Amicus curiae - <span XXXXX="tgc">Someone XXX is not a party XX a XXXX and XX XXX solicited by a party, but who assists a XXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX that bears on XXX XXXX; XXXXXXXXX “friend of the court”</span> </p> <p>Dissenting opinion - XX opinion in a legal case written XX XXX or XXXX judges XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX the majority opinion XX XXX court which gives XXXX to XXX XXXXXXXX </p> <p>Bethel XXXXXX Dist. v. XXXXXX - A XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXX States Supreme XXXXX involving free speech in XXXXXX schools; XXXX school XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX from school in the Bethel XXXXXX XXXXXXXX for making a XXXXXX including XXXXXX double XXXXXXXXX XX a school XXXXXXXX. XXX Supreme XXXXX held that his suspension XXX XXX violate XXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX<span></span><span></span></p><p>1936 Literary Digest XXXX - The <i>XXXXXXXX Digest</i> XXX XXX of XXX most respected magazines XX the time and XXX a XXXXXXX of accurately predicting XXX XXXXXXX XX presidential XXXXXXXXX XXXX dated XXXX to XXXX. XXX the 1936 election, XXX <i>XXXXXXXX Digest</i> XXXXXXXXXX was XXXX Landon XXXXX XXX XX% of the vote XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX's XX% (these XXX the <i>statistics</i> that the XXXX measured). The XXXXXX results of XXX election XXXX XX% for XXXXXXXXX against XX% XXX Landon (these XXXX the <i>parameters</i> the XXXX was XXXXXX XX measure). XXX sampling XXXXX in the <i>XXXXXXXX XXXXXX</i> poll XXX a XXXXXXXX XX%, XXX XXXXXXX ever in a major public XXXXXXX poll. Practically XXX XX the XXXXXXXX error was XXX result XX XXXXXX bias </p> <p>Social XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX - Social Desirability XXXX is a cognitive bias (a general XXXXXXX or tendency XX think a XXXXXXX way) in which XXXXXX XXXXXXX XX questioning in XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX seem more XXXXXXXXX or appealing XX XXXXXX. XX this XXXX, people over-XXXXXX their positive XXXXXXXXX or qualities XXXXX XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX behaviors and qualities </p> <p>Top-XX-the-XXXX XXXXXXXX - <span class="XXXXXXXX">XXXXXXXX in which voters have conflicting views on XXXXXX and "XXXXXXX" XXXX XX any XXXXX time is determined by XXXXXXX XXXXXXX personal XXXXXXXXXXXXXX; elites XXX XXXX a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX on XXXXXX opinion (if controlling XXXX XXXXXX receive, have big XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX)</span> </p> <p>Push XXXX - <span XXXXX="st">X seemingly XXXXXXXX </span><em>XXXXXX</em><span XXXXX="st"> that is XXXXXXXX conducted by supporters of a XXXXXXXXXX candidate that intends to disseminate XXXXXXXX or misleading XXXXXXXXXXX about an XXXXXXXX. Its intent XX primarily XX distribute propaganda XXXXXX than XX understand the XXXXX and XXXXXXXX of XXX public</span><span XXXXX="st"></span></p><p>Constraint - The state of being restricted or XXXXXXXX within prescribed XXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXXX ignorance - <span XXXXX="st">Intentionally choosing to XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XX a topic because XXX cost of XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XXXX the estimated XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX</span> </p> <p>Heuristic - E<span XXXXX="st">nabling a person XX discover or learn XXXXXXXXX for XXXXXXXXXX<XX></span></p><p><span class="st"></span></p><p>XXXXX XXXX XXXX - U.S. radio XXX television broadcast XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXX an XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX any XXXXXXXX political XXXXXXXXXX who request it. XXXX XXXXX, for example, that if a station gives a XXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXX to a XXXXXXXXX in XXXXX XXXX, it must XX the same XXX another XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX it, at the XXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>FCC - XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX; XX XXXXXXXXXXX agency of XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX created by statute XX regulate XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX by XXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX, XXXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXX; XXX XXX works XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX in XXX areas XX broadband, competition, XXX spectrum, the XXXXX, XXXXXX XXXXXX and homeland security, XXX modernizing XXXXXX </p> <p>Fairness Doctrine - XXX a policy of XXX XXX introduced in 1949, that XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XX broadcast licenses both to XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX issues XX XXXXXX importance and to XX so in a XXXXXX that was—in XXX XXX’s view—XXXXXX, equitable, and XXXXXXXX; The FCC XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXX in 1987 and removed XXX XXXX that XXXXXXXXXXX XXX policy XXXX the XXXXXXX Register in August XXXX </p> <p>XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX - XXXXXXXXXX that is XXXXX upon sensationalism and XXXXX exaggeration </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXXXX journalism – <span XXXXX="XXX">XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX beyond XXX basic XXXXX XX an event or XXXXX XX provide context, XXXXXXXX, and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX</span></p><p>XX-hour news cycle - 24-XXXX investigation XXX XXXXXXXXX XX news (that has pros and cons); <span XXXXX="XXXXXXXXXXXX">Once XXXXXXX by time zones XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX, XXXX reporting has profoundly changed XXXX XXX XXXXX of digital communication. Most news XXXXXXX have switched XX 24-XXXX XXXX cycles to meet XXX growing need to deliver XXX most immediate XXX XXXXXXXXXX news XX every XXXX of every day.</span> </p> <p>XXXXXX-setting - process XXXXXXX XXX XXXX media determine XXXX XX think XXX worry about </p> <p>XXXXXXX - XXXXXXX theory XXXXXXXX that how XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XX XXX audience (XXXXXX “XXXXXXXX”) influences the choices people make about how to process XXXX information; XXX XXXXX focuses attention XX XXXXXXX events and then XXXXXX them within a XXXXX of XXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXX - The XXXXXXX in which the XXXXX attend XX some issues and not others XXX XXXXXXX alter XXX standards XX XXXXX XXXXXX evaluate XXXXXXXX candidates; X number XX XXXXXXX XXXX demonstrated that there XX a XXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXX XXXXX effects XXXX goes beyond agenda-XXXXXXX<span></span></p><p>Civic duty - an XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XX law XXX a citizen to XXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXX of XXXXXX - XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX (XXXX XX spending XXXX XX register, XXXXXXXXXXX work XXXXXXXXX, getting XX the polls, and XXXXXXXXX information on the candidates) </p> <p>Microtargeting - <span XXXXX="XXX">A XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX uses XXXXXXXX XXXX XXX demographics XX identify XXX XXXXXXXXX XX specific individuals or XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XX XXXX-minded XXXXXXXXXXX and influence XXXXX XXXXXXXX or actions; used by XXXXXXXXX parties to XXXXX individual XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX potential XXXXXXXXXX</span> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX - The theory of XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX in which voters XXXXXX what the government will do in XXX XXXX future by XXXXXXXX a certain XXXXXXXXX party XXXX XXXXXXXX stances on issues; <span XXXXX="XXXXXXXX">Voting XXXXX on what a candidate XXXXXXX to XX in XXX future XXXXX an issue if elected</span> </p> <p>Retrospective voting - XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX into XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXX the performance XX a political party, an officeholder, and/or the administration. XX presumes that XXXXXX are more XXXXXXXXX XXXX policy XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX; <span XXXXX="termtext">a theory of XXXXXX in XXXXX voters XXX: "XXXX XXXX you done for me XXXXXX?"</span> </p> <p>XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX - The political party XXXX XXXXX an XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XX XXXXXXX to; XXX political XXXXX that an individual XXXX commonly supports (XX XXXXXX or other XXXXX) </p> <p>Funnel of XXXXXXXXX - X model used XX theorists in many disciplines, XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, to explain decision making among large XXXXXX of XXXXXX; X voting XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX that XXXXX identification begins the “funnel of causality” leading XX vote choice; In XXXX model party identification XX a psychological XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXX XXXXXX - Voters cast XXXXX vote in elections XXXXX on political XXXXXX </p> <p>“V=p(B)-X” - X mathematical XXXXX XXXX to XXXXXXX voting behavior where: </p> <p>X = the XXXXX XXX XXX probability XXXX XXX citizen vote </p> <p>p = XXXXXXXXXXX of XXXX “mattering” </p> <p>X = XXXXXXX of XXXXXX </p> <p>X = XXXXX XX XXXXXX (XXXX/effort XXXXX) <span></span> <span class="st"></span></p><p>Party-in-XXXXXXXXXX - <span XXXXX="XXXXXXXX">X political party XX it XXXXXX with XXXXXXXXXX officials XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX as members of the XXXXX; </span>XXXXX who win XXXXXX XXXXX the party XXXXX; <span XXXXX="st">the president is XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX of his </span><em>party in XXXXXXXXXX</em> </p> <p>Party-as-institution - The professionals XXX XXXXXXXXX XX a political party; <span class="termtext">a political XXXXX as it exists with XXXXXXX, XXXXXXX, staff, and budget</span> </p> <p>XXXXXX XXXXXXX - X type of primary XXXXXXXX in XXXXX a XXXXX must XXXXXXXXX formally with a XXXXXXXXX XXXXX in advance XX the XXXXXXXX date in order XX participate in that XXXXX's XXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX - XXXXXXXXXX democracy is XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX democracy for the common XXX typified by American XXXXXXXXXX Andrew Jackson; Jacksonian democracy XXXXXXXX the XXXXXXXX of XXX XXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX at XXX XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXX, while also XXXXXXX XX broaden XXX public’s XXXXXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>XXX Deal XXXXXXXXX - XXX XXXXXXXXX of XXXXXXXX groups and XXXXXX XXXXX in XXX United XXXXXX that supported the New Deal XXX voted for XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX from 1932 XXXXX XXX late 1960s; an XXXXXXXX of XXXXXX XXX supported FDR's XXX Deal XXXXXXXX; Political XXXXXXXXXX often refer XX XXX New Deal XXXXXXXXX as XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX XX Politics, allowing XXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXX majority XXXXX in XX Politics XXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXX Winning Coalition - XXX XXXXXX number of parties you XXXX to XXXXXXXX a XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX in a parliamentary XXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXXX XXXXX committee - An XXXXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX affiliated with a XXXXXXXXX XXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX with the Federal Elections Commission (XXX), XXXXX XXXXXX and XXXXXX money for XXXXXXXXX campaigning<span></span></p><p>Single-XXXXXX XXXXXXXX (SMD) -<span XXXXX="st"> an electoral </span><em>XXXXXXXX</em><span class="st"> XXXXXXXX only one XXXXXXXXXXXXXX to office; XXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX-winner XXXXXX or winner XXXXX all</span> </p> <p>Plurality rules – XXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX most votes (but not necessarily majority XXXXX) wins the election </p> <p>XXXXXXXX runoff - In a majority runoff election, a candidate XXXX outright in XXX XXXXX XXXXX if she or he obtains an XXXXXXXX majority XX XXX votes. XX no XXXXXXXXX XXXX in the XXXXX XXXXX, XXXX a XXXXXX round XX held between the two candidates who XXXX the XXXX first-round votes. The winner of that round wins XXX election </p> <p>XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX Representation (XX) - XXXX PR XXXXXXXX each party presenting a list of XXXXXXXXXX to XXX XXXXXXXXXX in each multi-XXXXXX electoral district. XXXXXX vote for a XXXXX, and parties receive XXXXX in proportion XX their overall share XX XXX vote in the XXXXXXXXX district. XXXXXXX candidates are taken from the XXXXX in order of XXXXX XXXXXXXX XX the XXXXX </p> <p>Duverger’s Law - The XXXXXX that elections in political systems XXXX the United States’ XXXX XX favor XXX XXX major XXXXXXX, making it very hard for a third party XX win </p> <p>XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX - <span XXXXX="st">A body XX electors XXXXXX XX XXX XXXXXX in XXXX state to elect the XXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXXXXXXXX of XXX U.S.</span> </p> <p>Faithless XXXXXXX - <span XXXXX="XXX">A XXXXXX XX the XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXX College XXX does not vote for the XXXXXXXXXXXX or vice-presidential candidate XXX whom they had pledged XX vote<XX></span></p><p><span XXXXX="tgc"></span></p><p>XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX - XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX attitudes XX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX extremes; a XXX XXXXXXXXXX in ideologies XXXXX a XXXXX of XXXXXX; <span XXXXX="termtext">when XXX opposing ideological sides feel XXXXXXXXX XXXXX an XXXXX that XX XXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXXXXX on</span> </p> <p>XXXXX activist - Someone XXX is aligned XXXX a political, economic, or XXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXX promotes that XXXXX's XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>Sorting - A XXXXXXX by which partisan conversion, XXXXXXXX with XXX XXXXXX XX new XXXXXX, XXX made XXXX XXXXX more ideologically XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX though Americans as a a XXXXX XXXX not XXXXXXX their ideological positions </p> <p>Parental XXXXXXXXXXXXX - The influence of XXX XXXXXXX’ worldview onto XXXXX XXXXXXXXX; young/XXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX tend XX XXXXXX parental experience to help XXXXXX themselves XX XXXXXXXX </p> <p>Self-XXXXXXXXX - XXXX individuals XXXXXX themselves into a group; XXX XXXX XX self-XXXXXXXXX XXXX in polls </p> <p>Political discussion network - The XXXXX of people XXXX XXXXX an XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXX viewpoints; XXXXXXX the XXXXXXXX of information and opinions, these networks may XXXXXXXXX one’s vote <span class="XXX"></span> </p><p><span></span> </p><p><span XXXXX="st"></span> </p><p><span class="st"></span> </p><p><span></span></p><p><span></span> </p><p><span XXXXX="st"></span> </p><p><span class="st"></span> </p><p><span></span> </p><p><span></span> </p>">
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