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Political Science 100, 70 terms definition
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An </span><em>agreement</em><span class="st"> between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified</span>; an understanding less formal than a treaty between the U.S. (both the executive and legislative branch or just the executive branch) and the government of another country </p> <p>Line-item veto - A special type of veto that the president can use to strike the specific parts of the bill he or she dislikes without rejecting the entire bill </p> <p>Delegated powers of the President - Powers granted by Congress to help the president fulfill his duties; also called enumerated powers </p> <p>War Powers Resolution - <span class="tgc">A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress</span> </p> <p>Going public - A leadership strategy involving a variety of presidential speeches designed to reach a range of institutions and actors which attempt to influence the decisions, actions, and opinions of others through public engagement </p> <p>Executive order - A rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law </p> <p>Signing statement - <span class="tgc">A written pronouncement issued by the President of the United States upon the signing of a bill into law. They are usually printed along with the bill in United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCCAN)</span> </p> <p>White House Press Secretary – A senior official who oversees the communication of the executive branch of the government and who communicates on behalf of the U.S. president across print, broadcast, and Internet channels; the White House Press Secretary is appointed by the president<span></span></p><p>Judicial precedent – <span class="st">A legal case law establishing a principle or rule that a court or other judicial body may apply while deciding subsequent cases involving similar issues or facts</span> </p> <p>Public XXX - Part of XXX XXXXX governs relationships between individuals and XXX government, and those XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XX XXXXXX concern to XXXXXXX; XXXXXX XXX comprises XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX, XXXXXXXXXXXXXX law, XXX law and XXXXXXXX XXX, as XXXX as XXX XXXXXXXXXX law </p> <p>Supreme Court Clerk - XXX officer of XXX XXXXXXX XXXXX of XXX United States XXXXXXXXXXX for overseeing filings with XXX XXXXX XXX maintaining XXXXXXX XXX records XX the XXXXX; The XXXX XX XXX court XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXXX should not be confused with XXX Court's <i>law XXXXXX</i>, XXX XXXXXX XXX Justices by XXXXXXXXXX research, XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, XXX preparing drafts XX opinions </p> <p>XXXX of certiorari - X XXXX of writ, XXXXX XXX XXXX XXX, XX which an appellate XXXXX decides to XXXXXX a XXXX XX its discretion; a XXXX that <span class="XXX">XXXXXX a XXXXX court XX deliver XXX XXXXXX in a case so that the XXXXXX XXXXX may XXXXXX it</span> </p> <p>XXXXXX curiae - <span XXXXX="tgc">Someone XXX XX XXX a party XX a XXXX and is XXX XXXXXXXXX by a party, but who XXXXXXX a court by XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX that bears on XXX case; XXXXXXXXX “XXXXXX XX XXX court”</span> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXX opinion - XX XXXXXXX in a legal XXXX written by XXX or more XXXXXX expressing disagreement XXXX the majority XXXXXXX XX XXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXX to XXX judgment </p> <p>Bethel XXXXXX Dist. v. Fraser - X landmark decision by the United XXXXXX Supreme Court XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX in XXXXXX XXXXXXX; High XXXXXX student Matthew XXXXXX XXX suspended from school in the XXXXXX School District for XXXXXX a XXXXXX including XXXXXX XXXXXX entendres at a XXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXX Supreme XXXXX held that XXX XXXXXXXXXX did not violate the First Amendment<span></span><span></span></p><p>1936 XXXXXXXX XXXXXX Poll - XXX <i>Literary Digest</i> was XXX of the most respected XXXXXXXXX of the XXXX and XXX a XXXXXXX of accurately XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XX presidential XXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXX to XXXX. For the 1936 XXXXXXXX, XXX <i>Literary XXXXXX</i> XXXXXXXXXX XXX that XXXXXX would get XX% of XXX vote against Roosevelt's XX% (these XXX XXX <i>XXXXXXXXXX</i> that XXX poll measured). The XXXXXX results of the XXXXXXXX were 62% for Roosevelt against XX% for Landon (XXXXX XXXX XXX <i>parameters</i> XXX poll was XXXXXX to XXXXXXX). XXX XXXXXXXX error in the <i>XXXXXXXX Digest</i> poll XXX a XXXXXXXX 19%, XXX largest XXXX in a major public XXXXXXX poll. XXXXXXXXXXX XXX of XXX sampling XXXXX was XXX result of sample bias </p> <p>Social XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX - Social Desirability XXXX XX a cognitive bias (a XXXXXXX XXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX XX XXXXX a certain XXX) in XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX to XXXXXXXXXXX in ways XXXX XXXX XXXX seem more XXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXXX to others. XX XXXX case, XXXXXX over-report their XXXXXXXX behaviors or XXXXXXXXX while XXXXX-XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX or XXXXXXXX behaviors and qualities </p> <p>Top-XX-the-XXXX XXXXXXXX - <span XXXXX="XXXXXXXX">XXXXXXXX in XXXXX voters XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX views XX XXXXXX and "winning" view at XXX XXXXX XXXX is determined XX current XXXXXXX personal considerations; elites XXX have a significant impact on XXXXXX opinion (XX controlling XXXX XXXXXX receive, XXXX big influence on public)</span> </p> <p>Push XXXX - <span XXXXX="st">A seemingly unbiased </span><em>XXXXXX</em><span XXXXX="st"> XXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX by supporters of a particular XXXXXXXXX that XXXXXXX to disseminate negative or misleading information about an opponent. XXX intent is primarily XX XXXXXXXXXX propaganda XXXXXX than to understand the XXXXX and opinions XX the XXXXXX</span><span class="st"></span></p><p>XXXXXXXXXX - The XXXXX XX being restricted or confined within prescribed bounds </p> <p>Rational XXXXXXXXX - <span class="st">XXXXXXXXXXXXX choosing XX remain XXXXXXXXXX on a topic XXXXXXX XXX XXXX XX acquiring XXX information XX greater than XXX estimated potential XXXXXXXX</span> </p> <p>Heuristic - E<span class="st">XXXXXXX a person XX XXXXXXXX or XXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX themselves<br></span></p><p><span class="st"></span></p><p>XXXXX time rule - U.S. radio XXX television XXXXXXXXX stations XXXX XXXXXXX an XXXXXXXXXX opportunity XX any opposing XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX who XXXXXXX it. This means, for example, that XX a XXXXXXX XXXXX a XXXXX amount XX time to a candidate in prime time, it must XX XXX same XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXX requests it, at XXX XXXX XXXXX XX XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>XXX - XXXXXXX Communications XXXXXXXXXX; An XXXXXXXXXXX agency of the XXXXXX XXXXXX government created by XXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX communications XX XXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXX, satellite, XXX cable; The FCC works XXXXXXX six XXXXX in the areas XX broadband, XXXXXXXXXXX, the spectrum, the XXXXX, public safety and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX, XXX modernizing XXXXXX </p> <p>Fairness Doctrine - XXX a policy of the FCC XXXXXXXXXX in XXXX, XXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXX XX broadcast XXXXXXXX XXXX to XXXXXXX controversial issues of XXXXXX importance XXX XX XX so in a XXXXXX XXXX was&XXXXX;in the FCC’s XXXX—XXXXXX, XXXXXXXXX, and balanced; The XXX eliminated the policy in 1987 XXX XXXXXXX the rule XXXX XXXXXXXXXXX the XXXXXX XXXX the XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX in XXXXXX 2011 </p> <p>Yellow journalism - XXXXXXXXXX that XX based XXXX sensationalism XXX crude exaggeration </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXXXX journalism – <span class="XXX">Journalism that XXXX XXXXXX the basic XXXXX XX an event or XXXXX to XXXXXXX context, XXXXXXXX, XXX XXXXXXXX consequences</span></p><p>24-XXXX XXXX XXXXX - XX-hour XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX reporting XX XXXX (XXXX XXX pros XXX XXXX); <span XXXXX="XXXXXXXXXXXX">Once limited XX time XXXXX and printing press XXXXXXXXX, news reporting XXX profoundly changed with the XXXXX of digital communication. Most XXXX XXXXXXX XXXX switched to XX-hour XXXX cycles XX meet XXX growing need XX deliver the XXXX immediate XXX compelling news XX XXXXX hour of every XXX.</span> </p> <p>Agenda-setting - XXXXXXX whereby XXX mass media XXXXXXXXX what we XXXXX XXX worry about </p> <p>Framing - XXXXXXX XXXXXX suggests that how XXXXXXXXX XX presented XX the XXXXXXXX (XXXXXX “XXXXXXXX”) XXXXXXXXXX XXX choices XXXXXX make XXXXX how to process that XXXXXXXXXXX; XXX XXXXX focuses XXXXXXXXX on XXXXXXX events XXX XXXX XXXXXX XXXX within a XXXXX of XXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXX - The process in XXXXX XXX XXXXX attend XX some XXXXXX and not others and XXXXXXX XXXXX the standards XX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX; A number XX XXXXXXX have XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXX is a dimension of powerful XXXXX XXXXXXX that XXXX beyond XXXXXX-XXXXXXX<span></span></p><p>Civic XXXX - an action XXXXXXXX XX law XXX a citizen XX perform </p> <p>Costs XX XXXXXX - XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXX (XXXX XX spending XXXX XX XXXXXXXX, rearranging XXXX schedules, XXXXXXX XX the polls, and XXXXXXXXX information on the XXXXXXXXXX) </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXXXXXX - <span XXXXX="tgc">A marketing XXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX and demographics XX identify the XXXXXXXXX of specific XXXXXXXXXXX or XXXX small XXXXXX XX like-XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXXX their thoughts or XXXXXXX; XXXX by political XXXXXXX XX track XXXXXXXXXX voters and XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX supporters</span> </p> <p>Prospective XXXXXX - XXX theory of democratic elections in XXXXX voters XXXXXX what XXX government XXXX XX in XXX XXXX future by choosing a XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX party XXXX XXXXXXXX stances XX XXXXXX; <span XXXXX="termtext">Voting based on XXXX a candidate XXXXXXX to XX in XXX future about an XXXXX if elected</span> </p> <p>XXXXXXXXXXXXX voting - Voting made XXXXX taking XXXX consideration XXXXXXX like XXX performance of a political party, an officeholder, and/or XXX administration. XX XXXXXXXX XXXX people XXX more XXXXXXXXX XXXX policy XXXXXXXX than XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX; <span XXXXX="XXXXXXXX">a XXXXXX XX XXXXXX in which voters ask: "XXXX have you XXXX XXX XX XXXXXX?"</span> </p> <p>Party XXXXXXXXXXXXXX - The XXXXXXXXX party XXXX which an XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX and XX loyalty XX; the XXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX an XXXXXXXXXX most commonly supports (by XXXXXX or XXXXX means) </p> <p>XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX - A XXXXX used XX theorists in XXXX disciplines, chiefly XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX, to explain decision making XXXXX large groups XX XXXXXX; A voting XXXXXXXX theory that XXXXXXXX that party XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXX “funnel XX XXXXXXXXX” leading XX XXXX choice; In XXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX a psychological XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>Issue XXXXXX - XXXXXX cast their XXXX in elections based on XXXXXXXXX issues </p> <p>“V=p(B)-C” - A mathematical XXXXX XXXX to predict XXXXXX behavior XXXXX: </p> <p>V = the XXXXX XXX the probability that the XXXXXXX XXXX </p> <p>p = probability XX vote “XXXXXXXXX” </p> <p>B = XXXXXXX of voting </p> <p>C = XXXXX XX voting (time/effort spent) <span></span> <span XXXXX="st"></span></p><p>Party-in-government - <span XXXXX="termtext">A political party XX it XXXXXX with XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX identify themselves XX members of XXX party; </span>XXXXX who XXX office under XXX XXXXX XXXXX; <span class="st">XXX XXXXXXXXX XX considered XXX XXXX of his </span><em>XXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX</em> </p> <p>XXXXX-as-institution - The XXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXX of a XXXXXXXXX XXXXX; <span class="termtext">a XXXXXXXXX XXXXX as it XXXXXX with leaders, XXXXXXX, staff, XXX XXXXXX</span> </p> <p>XXXXXX primary - X type XX XXXXXXX election in XXXXX a voter must XXXXXXXXX formally with a political party in advance XX the XXXXXXXX date in order to participate in that XXXXX's primary </p> <p>Jacksonian Democrats - XXXXXXXXXX democracy is the political movement XXXXXX greater XXXXXXXXX XXX the common man typified XX American politician XXXXXX XXXXXXX; XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX promoted XXX strength XX XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX executive XXXXXX XX the XXXXXXX of XXXXXXXX, while also XXXXXXX to broaden the public’s participation in government </p> <p>New XXXX XXXXXXXXX - The XXXXXXXXX XX interest XXXXXX and XXXXXX blocs in XXX XXXXXX XXXXXX that XXXXXXXXX the XXX XXXX and voted XXX Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until XXX XXXX 1960s; an alliance of XXXXXX who XXXXXXXXX FDR's New Deal XXXXXXXX; Political XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX refer XX XXX XXX XXXX Coalition as XXX realignment XX XX XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX the Democrats to XXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX in XX Politics throughout the XXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXX Winning Coalition - The XXXXXX number of XXXXXXX you need to maintain a XXXXXXXXXXX majority in a parliamentary XXXXXX </p> <p>National party committee - XX organization, officially affiliated with a political XXXXX and XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX (XXX), XXXXX raises and spends XXXXX for XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX<span></span></p><p>Single-member district (XXX) -<span class="st"> an electoral </span><em>district</em><span class="st"> electing only XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX; also sometimes XXXXXX XXXXXX-XXXXXX XXXXXX or XXXXXX XXXXX XXX</span> </p> <p>Plurality rules – XXX candidate with XXXX XXXXX (XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX) wins XXX XXXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXXXXXX XXXXXX - XX a majority runoff election, a candidate wins outright in XXX XXXXX XXXXX if she or he XXXXXXX an XXXXXXXX majority of XXX votes. XX no candidate wins in XXX XXXXX XXXXX, then a XXXXXX XXXXX XX XXXX between the two XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX XXX most first-round XXXXX. The winner XX XXXX round wins the XXXXXXXX </p> <p>XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX (XX) - List XX involves XXXX XXXXX presenting a XXXX of candidates XX XXX electorate in XXXX XXXXX-member XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX. XXXXXX XXXX for a XXXXX, and parties receive seats in proportion to their XXXXXXX share of XXX vote in the XXXXXXXXX district. Winning candidates are XXXXX XXXX XXX XXXXX in order of their XXXXXXXX on XXX XXXXX </p> <p>Duverger’s Law - XXX XXXXXX XXXX elections in XXXXXXXXX systems XXXX XXX United States’ XXXX to favor the two major parties, XXXXXX it very XXXX for a XXXXX party XX XXX </p> <p>Electoral College - <span class="st">A body XX electors chosen XX the voters in XXXX XXXXX XX elect XXX president and vice XXXXXXXXX of XXX U.S.</span> </p> <p>Faithless elector - <span XXXXX="XXX">A XXXXXX of XXX XXXXXX States Electoral College who XXXX not vote XXX the XXXXXXXXXXXX or vice-presidential candidate for whom they XXX XXXXXXX XX vote<XX></span></p><p><span class="XXX"></span></p><p>XXXXXXXXXXX polarization - XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XX XXX ideological XXXXXXXX; a big XXXXXXXXXX in XXXXXXXXXX among a group of people; <span XXXXX="XXXXXXXX">XXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX sides XXXX intensely XXXXX an issue XXXX is XXXXXXXXX to XXXXXXXXXX on</span> </p> <p>XXXXX activist - XXXXXXX who XX XXXXXXX XXXX a XXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX, or social party and who promotes XXXX XXXXX's XXXXXXXXXX </p> <p>Sorting - X XXXXXXX XX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX, combined XXXX the XXXXXX XX new voters, has made each party more ideologically homogenous, even XXXXXX Americans XX a a whole have not XXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX </p> <p>Parental socialization - The XXXXXXXXX of XXX XXXXXXX’ XXXXXXXXX onto XXXXX offspring; XXXXX/new XXXXXX without XXXXXXXXXX tend XX XXXXXX parental XXXXXXXXXX XX XXXX XXXXXX themselves to politics </p> <p>Self-XXXXXXXXX - When individuals select XXXXXXXXXX into a group; can XXXX XX XXXX-XXXXXXXXX XXXX in XXXXX </p> <p>Political XXXXXXXXXX network - XXX XXXXX XX people with XXXXX an XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXX political viewpoints; XXXXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XX information XXX opinions, these networks XXX influence one’s XXXX <span XXXXX="XXX"></span> </p><p><span></span> </p><p><span XXXXX="st"></span> </p><p><span XXXXX="st"></span> </p><p><span></span></p><p><span></span> </p><p><span class="st"></span> </p><p><span XXXXX="st"></span> </p><p><span></span> </p><p><span></span> </p>">
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